Reclassification, genotypes and virulence of<i>Paenibacillus larvae</i>, the etiological agent of American foulbrood in honeybees – a review

Ashiralieva, Ainura; Genersch, Elke

doi:10.1051/apido:2006028

Cited by 52 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…more efficiently than larvae infected with ATCC 9545, a representative of genotype ERIC I, which kills more slowly (on the larval level). These data fit well to what was predicted from the results of laboratory infection assays performed with larvae (3,(7)(8)(9). Therefore, the time course of disease progression in infected larvae indeed had an impact on the efficiency of the hygienic response in the colony.…”

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confidence: 82%

“…Since larval brood cells are open until the beginning of metamorphosis and larvae are regularly attended by nurse bees, it was hypothesized that in the context of a colony, the vast majority of the larvae killed by P. larvae ERIC II would be recognized as diseased and removed by hygienic nurse bees. In contrast, around a third of the larvae infected by representatives of ERIC I would die in capped cells, leaving hygienic nurse bees only a small chance of cleaning out these infected larvae in the context of the colony (3,7,8).…”

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Negative Correlation between Individual-Insect-Level Virulence and Colony-Level Virulence of Paenibacillus larvae , the Etiological Agent of American Foulbrood of Honeybees

Rauch

Ashiralieva

Hedtke

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Paenibacillus larvae is the etiological agent of American foulbrood (AFB) in honeybees. Recently, different genotypes of P. larvae (ERIC I to ERIC IV) were defined, and it was shown that these genotypes differ inter alia in their virulence on the larval level. On the colony level, bees mitigate AFB through the hygienic behavior of nurse bees. Therefore, we investigated how the hygienic behavior shapes P. larvae virulence on the colony level. Our results indicate that P. larvae virulence on the larval level and that on the colony level are negatively correlated.American foulbrood (AFB) is among the economically most important honeybee diseases. The etiological agent of AFB is the gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae (9). The extremely tenacious spores are the infectious form of this organism. These spores drive disease transmission within colonies (11), as well as between colonies as soon as they end up in the honey stores of an infected colony (12).The species P. larvae can be subdivided into four different genotypes designated ERIC I to ERIC IV based on results from repetitive-element PCR (20) using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) primers (9, 10), with P. larvae ERIC I and ERIC II being the two practically most important genotypes (1, 2, 9, 10, 13, 16). The four genotypes were shown previously to differ in phenotype, including virulence on the larval level (8, 9). While larvae infected with genotypes ERIC II to ERIC IV were killed within only 6 to 7 days, it took P. larvae ERIC I around 12 to 14 days to kill all infected individuals. Therefore, genotype ERIC I was considered to be less virulent and the other three genotypes were considered to be highly virulent (7-9) on the larval level.P. larvae is an obligately killing pathogen which must kill its host to be transmitted. The virulence of such an obligate killer is thought to be determined primarily by two factors, (i) the probability of infecting a host and (ii) the time to host death (6). The problem of ensuring a high enough probability of infecting the next host is solved for P. larvae by (i) the tenacious exospores, which remain infectious for over half a century (17) and, therefore, can wait for decades for the next host to pass by, and (ii) a high pathogen reproduction rate (23) and, thus, the production of an extremely high number of spores within each infected larva.For evaluating the second factor determining P. larvae virulence, the time to host death, it is important to consider the two levels of honeybee hosts, the level of the individual larva dying from AFB and the level of the colony succumbing to AFB.The virulence of P. larvae genotypes on the larval level has been analyzed recently (8, 9). We have now determined the colony-level virulence for the two most common and practically important (10, 16) genotypes of P. larvae, ERIC I and ERIC II, significantly differing in virulence on the larval level (8). We will discuss how the time to larval death relates to the time to colony death and how the hygie...

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confidence: 82%

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confidence: 99%

Negative Correlation between Individual-Insect-Level Virulence and Colony-Level Virulence of Paenibacillus larvae , the Etiological Agent of American Foulbrood of Honeybees

Rauch

Ashiralieva

Hedtke

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Nevertheless, the influence of bee subspecies on their susceptibility could be the subject of further investigation. Finally, there may be distinctions in the virulence of the haplotypes of N. ceranae (Williams et al, 2008a, b) similarly to the genotype-specific ones of Paenibacillus larvae (Genersch et al, 2005Ashiralieva and Genersch, 2006 …”

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Dominance of Nosema ceranae in honey bees in the Balkan countries in the absence of symptoms of colony collapse disorder

et al. 2011

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“…During screening of adult honey bee samples for P. larvae, suspect colonies with an orange pigmentation phenotype (defined for ERIC II and III genotypes; Ashiralieva and Genersch 2006) were included in testing for identity. Of 134 isolates collected over the 5-year study (96 isolates were used for genotyping), all exhibited gray colony pigmentation.…”

Section: Eric-pcr Genotyping Of Paenibacillus Larvae Strainsmentioning

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Comparative analysis of Paenibacillus larvae genotypes isolated in Connecticut

Dingman

2015

Arch Microbiol

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Ninety-six strains of Paenibacillus larvae, causative agent of American foulbrood in honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae, collected from Connecticut, USA (CT), honey bees, and 12 P. larvae strains not from CT, were genotyped via ERIC-PCR and XbaI-RFLP analysis. All CT-isolates, five strains isolated in South America, three strains from North America (not CT), and one strain isolated in Australia grouped into the ERIC I genotype. Three P. larvae formerly subsp. pulvifaciens strains grouped into ERIC III and IV genotypes. XbaI-RFLP genotyping showed three genotypes within the CT-isolates, and two were identified as XbaI-RFLP Type I and III. The third XbaI-RFLP genotype (Type Ib) represented one of four new XbaI-RFLP genotypes identified. Comparison of genotype results for the P. larvae strains tested was used to develop a correlation between ERIC-PCR genotyping and XbaI-RFLP genotyping. Sixteen CT-isolates were tetracycline-resistant and demonstrated PCR amplification using oligonucleotide primers for tetL. All 16 isolates grouped within XbaI-RFLP Type Ib, suggesting limited introduction of a tetracycline-resistant strain into CT.

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Reclassification, genotypes and virulence ofPaenibacillus larvae, the etiological agent of American foulbrood in honeybees – a review

Cited by 52 publications

References 43 publications

Negative Correlation between Individual-Insect-Level Virulence and Colony-Level Virulence of Paenibacillus larvae , the Etiological Agent of American Foulbrood of Honeybees

Negative Correlation between Individual-Insect-Level Virulence and Colony-Level Virulence of Paenibacillus larvae , the Etiological Agent of American Foulbrood of Honeybees

Dominance of Nosema ceranae in honey bees in the Balkan countries in the absence of symptoms of colony collapse disorder

Comparative analysis of Paenibacillus larvae genotypes isolated in Connecticut

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