Reclamation of Mercury from Used Silver Oxide Watch Batteries

Sathaiyan, N.

doi:10.4236/aces.2014.41001

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…On the other hand, organic acid production depends strongly on carbon and nitrogen sources. Mardad et al (2014) found that glucose as carbon source and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 as the nitrogen source, significantly increased tricalcium phosphate solubilization. Nitrogen source in the medium may lead to acidification or alkalinization, which in turn influences phosphorous availability (Plassard et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their benefits on growth and phosphate nutrition of faba bean and wheat

et al. 2019

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In recent years, more attention has been paid to plant growth promoting (PGP) rhizobacteria use as a biofertilizer alternative to chemical fertilizers, which might cause damage to the environment. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the field application of PGP bacteria and rhizobial strains on the productivity of two food crops extensively used in Morocco; Vicia faba L. and Triticum durum L. A field experiment with four treatments was designed: (1) control without inoculation, (2) PGP bacteria alone (P), (3) rhizobia alone (R) and (4) a mixture of PGP-rhizobia (PR). Furthermore, the PGP strains were tested for their ability to solubilize complex mineral phosphorus and potassium and for their production of indole acetic acid and exopolysaccharides. The strains showed several plant growth promoting traits. Field inoculation by these rhizobacteria improved phosphorus uptake and the agronomic parameters of faba bean and wheat plants, such as biomass of shoots and roots, as well as the weight of bean pods and wheat spikes. The most pronounced effect was displayed by rhizobial strains or the combination of PGP-rhizobia. The rhizobacterial inoculation significantly stimulated the growth of both crops and could be used as potential biofertilizers to optimize growth and phosphorus retention capacity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their benefits on growth and phosphate nutrition of faba bean and wheat

et al. 2019

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“…In the past, mercury was also used in silver oxide batteries, but the new generation silver oxide batteries are mercury free. For this reason, mercury pollution is no longer a big concern for the recycling of waste silver oxide batteries. ,− Pyrometallurgical processes are utilized in some industrial practices due to their high efficiency and relatively simple procedures. However, pyrometallurgical processes usually require heavy investment for high temperature materials and facilities to capture toxic gases .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of High-Purity Silver from Spent Silver Oxide Batteries by Sulfuric Acid Leaching and Electrowinning

Wang

Peng

Yliniemi

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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A sustainable and effective sulfuric acid-based process with the combination of facile acid leaching and electrowinning has been developed for the recovery of valuable elements from spent silver oxide batteries. Results suggest that the dissolution of elementary Ag was markedly promoted by the presence of MnO2 in the spent silver oxide batteries. Also, H2O2 was added to support an improved Mn and Ag extraction after 240 min of leaching. In the leaching step, 97% of silver and over 99% of Mn and Zn could be extracted under the optimum conditions: 1 mol/L H2SO4, a leaching temperature of 70 °C, an S/L ratio of 50 g/L, addition of 3 v/v % H2O2 at 240 min, and a total leaching time of 270 min. Ultra-pure silver (Ag w/w % ≥ 99.98%) was further recovered from the pregnant leaching solution (PLS) by potentiostatic electrowinning. Under the optimum deposition potential of −0.10 V and after 4 h of electrowinning, the silver recovery reached 98.5% with a high energy efficiency of 98.7%. Simultaneously, 5.6% Mn was recovered on the anode in the form of MnO2. Overall, these promising results suggest feasibility in the recycling of silver oxide batteries in sulfuric acid media.

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“…However, in Mexico there is no regulation for the maximum mercury and cadmium contents in these batteries, on the other hand there are no studies about the impact of these contaminants in the environment [3]. Research studies have been focused on leaching [4] [5], several have focused on silver and mercury recovering by precipitation [6] [7]. However, few studies have focused on silver recovery by liquid-liquid extraction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silver Recovery from Spent Silver Oxide Button Cell by Liquid-Liquid Extraction

Gamiño‐Arroyo¹,

Tapia-Cisneros²,

Zamacona-Saucedo³

et al. 2015

MSCE

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Button cell batteries are used in clocks, thermometers, remote controls, toys and other devices, and they are usually discarded in the trash once its useful life is over. Some models of these batteries contain silver oxide. In this paper we propose liquid-liquid extraction as separation process to recover the metal. First, silver determination is performed in different models of these batteries and leaching with nitric acid is carried out. Affinity study is done between several commercial extractants for silver. The best performing extractant is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) dithiophosphoric acid (D2EHDTPA). Furthermore, a study of the extraction yields as a function of extractant concentration and time is performed. The distribution isotherm is determined; complex extracted in organic phase and stripping conditions have been identified. With the aim of obtaining industrial application, a number of steps for a countercurrent process were defined by the McCabe-Thiele method. Finally, a study was done in micropilot scale. The results show that it is possible to recover silver from this type of waste.

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Reclamation of Mercury from Used Silver Oxide Watch Batteries

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

Characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their benefits on growth and phosphate nutrition of faba bean and wheat

Characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their benefits on growth and phosphate nutrition of faba bean and wheat

Recovery of High-Purity Silver from Spent Silver Oxide Batteries by Sulfuric Acid Leaching and Electrowinning

Silver Recovery from Spent Silver Oxide Button Cell by Liquid-Liquid Extraction

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