Reclamation of Marine Chitinous Materials for Chitosanase Production via Microbial Conversion by Paenibacillus macerans

Abstract

Chitinous materials from marine byproducts elicit great interest among biotechnologists for their potential biomedical or agricultural applications. In this study, four kinds of marine chitinous materials (squid pens, shrimp heads, demineralized shrimp shells, and demineralized crab shells) were used to screen the best source for producing chitosanase by Paenibacillus macerans TKU029. Among them, the chitosanase activity was found to be highest in the culture using the medium containing squid pens as the sole carbon/nitrogen (C/N) source. A chitosanase which showed molecular weights at 63 kDa was isolated from P. macerans cultured on a squid pens medium. The purified TKU029 chitosanase exhibited optimum activity at 60 °C and pH 7, and was stable at temperatures under 50 °C and pH 3-8. An analysis by MALDI-TOF MS revealed that the chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) obtained from the hydrolysis of water-soluble chitosan by TKU029 crude enzyme showed various degrees of polymerization (DP), varying from 3–6. The obtained COS enhanced the growth of four lactic acid bacteria strains but exhibited no effect on the growth of E. coli. By specialized growth enhancing effects, the COS produced from hydrolyzing water soluble chitosan with TKU029 chitinolytic enzymes could have potential for use in medicine or nutraceuticals.

Novel Efficient Bioprocessing of Marine Chitins into Active Anticancer Prodigiosin

“…Further experiments investigated the optimal added K2HPO4 was 0.05% ( Figure 3b). This result is in agreement with the previous reports [19,36]. This added concentration of K2HPO4 was used to mix with various kinds of sulfate salts, including FeSO4(NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4, CuSO4, (NH4)2SO4 as the basal salt solution.…”

“…PG purified from the culture broth was used as the standard to convert OD535 nm measurement to mass concentration via an appropriate calibration. PG was purified by the method previously described [36] with modification. The culture broth was centrifugated at 10000× g for 15 min.…”

“…2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid was used as a matrix in CAN-TFA-H 2 O solution (50/0.1/50%, v/v/v) to separate the sample in the MALDI-TOF instrument (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) with a nitrogen laser emitting at 337 nm, operating in linear mode. Each spectrum of mass was calculated based on the data of around 30-50 laser shots, and external calibration with three points was used for assignment of mass[36].…”

Conversion of Shrimp Head Waste for Production of a Thermotolerant, Detergent-Stable, Alkaline Protease by Paenibacillus sp.

“…Every year, the seafood processing industry discards a large amount of by-products, including viscera, shells, heads, squid pens, fins, and bones, even though they could be recycled to produce bioactive compounds like gelatin [1][2][3][4], enzymes [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], chitin [8,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], chitin oligomers [7,11,12], α-glucosidase inhibitors (aGI) [27][28][29][30][31], carotenoids [32,33], and bioactive peptides [34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. Consequently, much research has gone into converting these by-products into bioactive products that have potential applications in biotechnological, agricultural, nutritional, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries [1,…”

Coagulation of Chitin Production Wastewater from Shrimp Scraps with By-Product Chitosan and Chemical Coagulants

“…As a consequence, the industry produces large quantities of wastewater streams that contains a significant number of chemical residues with highly acidic and highly alkaline flows, as well as high levels of organic matter (mostly protein), minerals, and pigments that are toxic to the environment and a risk to human health . Currently, chitin production processes have not widely adopted the use of cleaner production methods that can increase the efficiencies of raw material utilization and reduce the environmental pollution issues [5,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. In addition, the key organic were taken from the equalization tank of the wastewater treatment system and characterized as shown in Table 1.…”