Reclaiming produced water for beneficial use: salt removal by electrodialysis

Desalination using electrodialysis as a function of voltage and salt concentration

“…Introduction Electrodialysis (ED), which involves the preferential transport of ions through ion exchange membranes under the influence of an electrical field, is used mainly for the desalination of saline solutions producing concentrated brines and salt depleted waters; such as the production of potable water mainly from brackish water [1,2], seawater [3] and industrial water [4] sources. ED has found to be feasible when the salinity of the feed water is not more than about 6 g/L of dissolved solids [5].…”

The cost effectiveness of electrodialysis for diverse salinity applications

“…For brackish water desalination [7,8], and to a lesser extent salt production [9], the limiting current density effectively sets the size of equipment required. For the purification of higher salinity streams such as seawater [10] or produced water [11], currents are lowest (and, we surmise, capital costs highest) in the final stages of purification. High diluate resistance results in elevated energy consumption for brackish desalination, particularly due to the dominance of solution resistances over membrane resistances.…”

Novel Cleanup Agents Designed Exclusively for Oil Field Membrane Filtration Systems Low Cost Field Demonstrations of Cleanup Agents in Controlled Experimental Environments

“…The common techniques currently used to for desalination are thermal distillation or RO [20]. New techniques for desalination of produced water are being reviewed including membrane pervaporation [23] and electrodialysis [24].…”