“…For beneficiaries of whiteness, its hegemonic qualities are often unseen, even though they actively participate in its maintenance through "racial stereotypes and biases (a beliefs aspect), racial metaphors and concepts (a deeper cognitive aspect), racialised images (the visual aspect), racialised emotions (feelings), interpretive racial narratives, and inclinations to discriminate within a broad racial framing" (Feagin, 2013, p. 91). White supremacist power dynamics have co-opted the mainstream #MeToo movement (Phipps, 2019;Tambe, 2018), and in public digital feminisms more broadly, reproduced race-neutral ideologies (Patil & Puri, 2021) and centred white, middle-class women as a universal subject position (Travers, 2003). In the pages that follow, we explore how whiteness manifests in the designs of anti-violence apps, a mainstream feminist intervention, encoding race neutrality and heteronormativity within assumptions about victims of GBV and their needs.…”