Reckoning with the Rocky Relationship Between Eruption Size and Climate Response: Toward a Volcano-Climate Index

Schmidt, Anja; Black, B. A.

doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-080921-052816

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 224 publications

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“…Nevertheless, at the timescales of this study, no stratospheric ozone reduction is observed and thus its radiative effect is not addressed here. Due to the likely TOA warming and stratospheric cooling, this eruption falls outside the range of magnitude categorisation of the recent VCI (Volcano-Climate Index) 29 . We suggest that VCI and other similar parameters be modified to include uncommon events, like Hunga Tonga and phreato-Plinian eruptions in general.…”

Section: Radiative Impacts Of the Aerosol And Water Vapour Plumementioning

confidence: 96%

The unexpected radiative impact of the Hunga Tonga eruption of 15th January 2022

Sellitto

Podglajen

Belhadji

et al. 2022

Commun Earth Environ

104

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The underwater Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha-apai volcano erupted in the early hours of 15th January 2022, and injected volcanic gases and aerosols to over 50 km altitude. Here we synthesise satellite, ground-based, in situ and radiosonde observations of the eruption to investigate the strength of the stratospheric aerosol and water vapour perturbations in the initial weeks after the eruption and we quantify the net radiative impact across the two species using offline radiative transfer modelling. We find that the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha-apai eruption produced the largest global perturbation of stratospheric aerosols since the Pinatubo eruption in 1991 and the largest perturbation of stratospheric water vapour observed in the satellite era. Immediately after the eruption, water vapour radiative cooling dominated the local stratospheric heating/cooling rates, while at the top-of-the-atmosphere and surface, volcanic aerosol cooling dominated the radiative forcing. However, after two weeks, due to dispersion/dilution, water vapour heating started to dominate the top-of-the-atmosphere radiative forcing, leading to a net warming of the climate system.

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Section: Radiative Impacts Of the Aerosol And Water Vapour Plumementioning

confidence: 96%

The unexpected radiative impact of the Hunga Tonga eruption of 15th January 2022

Sellitto

Podglajen

Belhadji

et al. 2022

Commun Earth Environ

104

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“…The largest concentration of SO 2 (up to 17 April) is between 0 and 20°N but parts of the plume have reached 45°north and south. This highlights the ability of tropical eruptions to transport SO 2 across both hemispheres, rather than being confined to a narrower latitude band like plumes from eruptions at high latitudes (Schmidt and Black, 2022). Also highlighted in Fig.…”

Section: So 2 Dispersionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The e-folding time of SO 2 varies with a number of factors including the latitude of the volcano, the injection height of the plume, meteorological conditions, cloud cover and season (Schmidt and Black, 2022). Typically, the e-folding time varies from which emitted plumes between 15 and 18 km, and had e-folding times of between 2 and 4 days (Carn et al, 2016).…”

Section: So 2 Plume Heightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite measurements of plumes from the 2021 eruption of La Soufrière, St Vincent

Taylor

Grainger

Prata

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Abstract. Satellite instruments play a valuable role in detecting, monitoring and characterising emissions of ash and gas into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions. Plumes of ash and sulfur dioxide (SO2) from the April 2021 eruption of La Soufrière volcano on St Vincent in the Eastern Caribbean were observed by a multiple satellite instruments. This study looks at these plumes with two satellite instruments: the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on the MetOp platforms. Using true and false colour images, and brightness temperature difference images produced from the ABI data, a minimum of 32 eruptive events were identified. The ABI images were used to determine the approximate start and end times and character of each event. In this way the eruption has been divided into four phases: (1) an initial explosive event, (2) a sustained event lasting over nine hours, (3) a pulsatory phase with 23 explosive events in a 54 hour period and (4) a waning sequence of explosive events. The IASI instrument was used to study the dispersion of SO2 from this eruption. The results showed a highly complex structure to the plume, in terms of the column amounts and height, which is likely linked to the multiple explosive events. The SO2 is shown to have largely been emitted between 13 and 19 km. This was primarily in the upper troposphere and around the height of the tropopause, but with some emission into the stratosphere. The SO2 was transported around the globe with parts of the plume reaching as far as 45° S and 45° N. The largest SO2 atmospheric burden measured with IASI was 0.31±0.09 Tg, recorded on the 13 April 2021 (descending orbits). The SO2 masses were converted into fluxes. The SO2 flux was shown to peak on 10 April and then shown to decrease over time. By summing the IASI SO2 flux results, it is estimated that a total of 0.57±0.44 Tg of SO2 was emitted to the atmosphere. However, due to the limitations associated with the retrieval this should be considered a minimum estimate of the total mass of SO2 emitted. An average e-folding time of 7.09±5.70 days was computed based on the IASI SO2 results: similar to other tropical eruptions of this magnitude. There are a number of similarities between the 1979 and 2021 eruptions at La Soufrière. For example, both eruptions consisted of a series of explosive events with varied heights including some emission into the stratosphere. The similarities between the 1979 and 2021 highlight the importance of studying these eruptions to be prepared for future activity.

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“…9. Schmidt and Black (2022) proposed a new index, called the Volcano Climate Index (VCI), to categorize climate response to eruptions. This index is not related to the VEI and our data set could be used to see if any better correlation exists between the VCI and the magnitude of the eruption and/or the mass of each solid product erupted.…”

Section: Possible Future Advancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes in eruptive rates are particularly important for those volcanoes located along convergent margins (arcs), as they might reflect changes in the intruded/erupted volume ratio, which in turn could reflect variations in the budgets of heat transfer, seismic energy released, volatile cycling, ore formation, and the mass balance and isostatic behavior of the arc crustal column, which variably influences mountain building, erosion rates, and climate (Bekaert et al., 2021; Cao et al., 2016; Clift & Vannucchi, 2004; Lee et al., 2015; Marshall et al., 2022; Ratschbacher et al., 2019; Ruscitto et al., 2012; Schmidt & Black, 2022). In addition, the eruptive products (magma and gas) influence the bio‐geochemical cycles, heat transfer, and the climate at different scales (usually local) (Achterberg et al., 2021; Frogner et al., 2001; Hamme et al., 2010; Langmann et al., 2010; Mahowald et al., 2018; Olgun et al., 2011; Pyle, 1995; Robock, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and Temporal Quantification of Subaerial Volcanism From 1980 to 2019: Solid Products, Masses, and Average Eruptive Rates

Galetto

Pritchard

Hornby

et al. 2023

Reviews of Geophysics

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Volcanism is one of the main mechanisms transferring mass and energy between the interior of the Earth and the Earth's surface. However, the global mass flux of lava, volcanic ash and explosive pyroclastic deposits is not well constrained. Here we review published estimates of the mass of the erupted products from 1980 to 2019 by a global compilation. We identified 1,064 magmatic eruptions that occurred between 1980 and 2019 from the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program database. For each eruption, we reported both the total erupted mass and its partitioning into the different volcanic products. Using this data set, we quantified the temporal and spatial evolution of subaerial volcanism and its products from 1980 to 2019 at a global and regional scale. The mass of magma erupted in each analyzed decade ranged from 1.1–4.9 × 1013 kg. Lava is the main subaerial erupted product representing ∼57% of the total erupted mass of magma. The products related to the biggest eruptions (Magnitude ≥6), with long recurrence times, can temporarily make explosive products more abundant than lava (e.g., decade 1990–1999). Twenty‐three volcanoes produced ∼72% of the total mass, while two different sets of 15 volcanoes erupted >70% of the total mass of either effusive or explosive products. At a global scale, the 10 and 40‐year average eruptive rates calculated from 1980 to 2019 have the same magnitude as the long‐term average eruptive rates (from thousand to millions of years), because in both cases rates are scaled for times comparable to the recurrence time of the biggest eruptions occurred.

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Reckoning with the Rocky Relationship Between Eruption Size and Climate Response: Toward a Volcano-Climate Index

Cited by 11 publications

References 224 publications

The unexpected radiative impact of the Hunga Tonga eruption of 15th January 2022

The unexpected radiative impact of the Hunga Tonga eruption of 15th January 2022

Satellite measurements of plumes from the 2021 eruption of La Soufrière, St Vincent

Spatial and Temporal Quantification of Subaerial Volcanism From 1980 to 2019: Solid Products, Masses, and Average Eruptive Rates

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