Reciprocity in predator–prey interactions: exposure to defended prey and predation risk affects intermediate predator life history and morphology

Hammill, Edd; Beckerman, Andrew P.

doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1508-5

Cited by 17 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Many insect species have the ability to detect the presence of predators in an ecosystem and choose to oviposit elsewhere (Brodin and others 2006;Vonesh and Blaustein 2010), reducing the number of colonists. Diptera species have also been shown to increase larval development rates in response to the threat of predation (Hammill and Beckerman 2010), which would reduce densities within the community through faster emergence rates. Although the most parsimonious explanation for predator NCEs on larval macro-invertebrate densities is reduced oviposition rates and/or increased development rates, we cannot discount the possibility that predator NCEs also operate via indirect means.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…These changes in adult oviposition behavior alter colonization rates, changing eventual community composition (Kraus and Vonesh 2010). Aquatic predators can also have NCEs on larvae, such as increasing larval development rates to reduce exposure to predation and altering gut morphology to reduce detection by predators (Hammill and Beckerman 2010). Additionally, the threat of predation can reduce foraging rates of competitively dominant prey, influencing community dynamics (Werner and Anholt 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Predation Threat Alters Composition and Functioning of Bromeliad Ecosystems

2015

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Predators can have dramatic effects on food web structure and ecosystem processes. However, the total effect of predators will be a combination of prey removal due to consumption and non-consumptive effects (NCEs) mediated through changes to prey behavioral, morphological, or life history traits induced to reduce predation risk. In this study, we examined how consumptive and NCEs alter community composition and ecosystem function using the aquatic ecosystem housed within tropical bromeliads. We allowed the recolonization of emptied bromeliads containing either no predators, caged predators (NCEs only), or uncaged predators (NCEs and consumptive effects) and recorded densities of all macro-invertebrates, microbial densities, and in situ CO 2 concentrations after 30 days. We found that predators altered community composition and CO 2 concentrations largely through NCEs. The magnitude of the effects of NCEs was substantial, contributing more than 50% of the total effects of predators on macro-invertebrate communities. The NCEs of predators were also strong enough to generate a trophic cascade, which significantly increased micro-organisms and ecosystem respiration, which led to increased in situ CO 2 concentrations. The most likely mechanism behind the NCEs on macro-invertebrate density was detection of predator cues by ovipositing adult females, who actively choose to avoid bromeliads containing predators. Through this mechanism, predator NCEs modified community colonization, the structure of food webs, populations of lower trophic levels, and ecosystem processes performed by the community. We therefore propose that quantification of the relative strength of predator NCEs in natural ecosystems is critical for predicting the consequences of predator loss from the world's ecosystems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Predation Threat Alters Composition and Functioning of Bromeliad Ecosystems

2015

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“…The results also highlight the importance of accounting for populationspecific differences when predicting en-route survival and incorporating such information into management decisions (Macdonald et al 2010). However, PSA is able to give a more precise estimate of survival time or the chances of surviving to a particular day (Crawley 2007;Hammill & Beckerman 2010) and produces modelled data that make it possible to graphically represent survival differences over the duration of the experiment. Goodnessof-fit testing of the CJS models showed reasonable fits to the data (Lebreton et al 1992), and the most parsimonious models estimated a capture probability not significantly different from 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Comparison of techniques for correlating survival and gene expression data from wild salmon

Hammill

Curtis

Patterson

et al. 2011

Ecology of Freshwater Fish

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In laboratory and field studies of survival, one of two alternative analytical techniques is often used to estimate survival rates and identify covariates, namely parametric survival analysis or Cormack-Jolly-Seber models. These techniques differ in algorithms and assumptions of the data. They also tend to be used under different circumstances depending on whether the intention is to demonstrate group-specific differences or to predict survival variables. Here, we apply and compare both analytical techniques in a study that couples functional genomics with biotelemetry to ascertain the role of physiological condition on survival of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) migrating in the Fraser River, British Columbia, which builds on the growing concern over the decline in numbers of spawning fish. Herein, we show a high level of quantitative and qualitative agreement between the two analytical methods, with both showing a strong relationship exists between the genomic signature that accounts for the largest source of variance in gene expression among individuals and survival in one of the three populations assessed. This high level of agreement suggests the data and the approaches are generating reliable results. The novel approach used in our study to identify physiological processes associated with reduced fitness in wild populations should be of broad interest to conservation biologists and resource managers as it may help reduce the uncertainty associated with predicting population sizes.

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“…Early larval instars are vulnerable to cannibalism and predation by other invertebrate predators (Saether 1997). Lower reproductive investment as a cost of predator avoidance (Hammill and Beckerman 2010) may also reduce the recruitment of early instar larvae in lakes containing abundant fish populations. Survival of fast-growing, but gape-limited and easily starving, firstand second-instar larvae has been observed to vary widely (from 1 to 80%), depending on the availability of suitable rotifers for food (Neill and Peacock 1980).…”

Section: Observed Fish Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phantom midge-based models for inferring past fish abundances

et al. 2012

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We sampled living and subfossil phantom midge (Diptera: Chaoboridae) larvae from surface sediments of 21 small lakes in Southern Sweden to examine the influence of fish and selected abiotic variables on the abundance and species composition of chaoborid assemblages. We expected total Chaoborus abundance to be inversely correlated with fish abundance and Chaoborus species most sensitive to fish predation to be found only in fishless lakes. We aimed to use the observed relationships to develop models to reconstruct past fish abundances from chaoborid remains and the abiotic environment. C. flavicans occurred in almost every lake, whereas subfossil C. obscuripes were found in the surface sediments of only one fishless lake. The density of living C. flavicans larvae correlated negatively with fish abundance, lake order and size. The concentration of C. flavicans subfossils was negatively associated with pH, lake size, water transparency and fish abundance. Regression models that included lake morphometry and landscape position as additional predictors of fish abundance performed better than models that used only Chaoborus predictors. The explained variance in fish abundance varied from 52 to 86%. Leave-one-out cross-validation indicated moderate performance of the two best models. These models explained 51 and 56% of the observed untransformed fish density and biomass, respectively. In addition, all Chaoborus models were unbiased in closely following the 1:1 reference line in plots of observed versus predicted values. These results are a promising step in developing midge-based paleolimnological reconstructions of past fish abundance, and the approach might be improved by including chironomid remains in the models.

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Reciprocity in predator–prey interactions: exposure to defended prey and predation risk affects intermediate predator life history and morphology

Cited by 17 publications

References 52 publications

Predation Threat Alters Composition and Functioning of Bromeliad Ecosystems

Predation Threat Alters Composition and Functioning of Bromeliad Ecosystems

Comparison of techniques for correlating survival and gene expression data from wild salmon

Phantom midge-based models for inferring past fish abundances

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