Reciprocal immune enhancement of dengue and Zika virus infection in human skin

Castanha, Priscila M. S.; Erdö́s, G.; Watkins, Simon C.; Falo, Louis D.; Marques, Ernesto T. A.; Barratt‐Boyes, Simon M.

doi:10.1172/jci.insight.133653

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…23 Respiratory viruses typically follow this pattern of higher inoculum leading to a higher probability of infection in human challenge experiments, including influenza viruses, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, [7][8][9][10]12 although there are exceptions, given the complexity of the pathogen-host interaction. [24][25][26] In addition, the dose needed to infect 50% of the human population (human infectious dose, HID 50 ) varies between pathogens and their subtypes or strains, which has been documented for influenza viruses, rhinovirus, and others. 21 The influence of the inoculum on disease severity is more challenging to study in humans, given that some Personal View viruses only cause mild clinical manifestations in immunocompetent human hosts.…”

Section: Inoculum Host Susceptibility and Outcomes For Human Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions in lowering the viral inoculum to reduce susceptibility to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and potentially disease severity

Spinelli

Glidden

Gennatas

et al. 2021

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

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Adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been highly variable across settings, particularly in the USA. In this Personal View, we review data supporting the importance of the viral inoculum (the dose of viral particles from an infected source over time) in increasing the probability of infection in respiratory, gastrointestinal, and sexually transmitted viral infections in humans. We also review the available evidence linking the relationship of the viral inoculum to disease severity. Non-pharmaceutical interventions might reduce the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing the viral inoculum when there is exposure to an infectious source. Data from physical sciences research suggest that masks protect the wearer by filtering virus from external sources, and others by reducing expulsion of virus by the wearer. Social distancing, handwashing, and improved ventilation also reduce the exposure amount of viral particles from an infectious source. Maintaining and increasing non-pharmaceutical interventions can help to quell SARS-CoV-2 as we enter the second year of the pandemic. Finally, we argue that even as safe and effective vaccines are being rolled out, non-pharmaceutical interventions will continue to play an essential role in suppressing SARS-CoV-2 transmission until equitable and widespread vaccine administration has been completed.

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Section: Inoculum Host Susceptibility and Outcomes For Human Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions in lowering the viral inoculum to reduce susceptibility to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and potentially disease severity

Spinelli

Glidden

Gennatas

et al. 2021

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

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“…Finally, immunological cross-protection of flavivirus antibodies can also impact epidemics 10 , and the potential effects of a previous exposure to ZIKV on secondary DENV infections have been debated. Previous studies suggest that pre-exposure to ZIKV could ( 1 ) lead to severe dengue disease due to antibody-dependent enhancement 11 , as observed in secondary dengue infections by distinct dengue serotypes 12,13 ; and/or ( 2 ) provide partial protection, leading to less severe disease 8,14 . With nearly two-thirds of the dengue cases being mild or asymptomatic 6 , high levels of cross-protection could lead to less severe infections, and even higher underreporting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lying in wait: the resurgence of dengue virus after the Zika epidemic in Brazil

Machado

Siconelli

Oidtman

et al. 2020

Preprint

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After Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged and caused an epidemic in the Americas in 2016, both Zika and dengue incidence declined in the following years (2017-2018) to a record low in many countries. Following this period of low incidence, dengue resurged in 2019 in Brazil, causing ~2.1 million cases. The reasons for the recent fluctuations in dengue incidence and the maintenance of dengue virus (DENV) through periods of low transmission are unknown. To investigate this, we used a combination of epidemiological and climatological data to estimate dengue force of infection (FOI) and model mosquito-borne transmission suitability since the early 2000s in Brazil. Our estimates of FOI revealed that the rate of DENV transmission in 2018-2019 was exceptionally low, due to a low proportion of susceptible population rather than changes to ecological conditions. This supports the hypothesis that the synchronous decline of dengue in Brazil may be explained by protective immunity from pre-exposure to ZIKV and/or DENV in prior years. Furthermore, we sequenced 69 genomes of dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) and DENV-2 circulating in Northeast and Southeast Brazil, and performed phylogeographic analyses to uncover patterns of viral spread. We found that the outbreaks in Brazil in 2019 were caused by DENV lineages that were circulating locally prior to the Zika epidemic and spread cryptically during the period of low transmission. Despite the period of low transmission, endemic DENV lineages persisted for 5-10 years in Brazil before causing major outbreaks. Our study challenges the paradigm that dengue outbreaks are caused by recently introduced new lineages, but rather they may be driven by established lineages circulating at low levels until the conditions are conducive for outbreaks.

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“…Prior DENV infection was also associated with stronger cytotoxic CD8 T cell responses in ZIKVinfected humans and with protection against ZIKV in mice (30). In contrast, anti-ZIKV antibodies increased DENV2 infection, viral output, and migration of myeloid cells in skin explants to the same degree as anti-DENV3 antibodies (31). In murine models, transfer of anti-ZIKV antibodies caused greater clinical severity, mortality, proinflammatory cytokine levels, and viral load after DENV2 challenge compared with untreated mice (32,33).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…On the basis of our findings and previous literature on DENV1 to -4 (7,8,(44)(45)(46)(47)(48), we posit that prior ZIKV infection, like prior DENV infection, is particularly capable of enhancing DENV2 disease but that enhancement of other serotypes is possible. Mechanistic studies in animal models and human skin explants have shown that prior primary ZIKV infection induces anti-DENV2 antibodies that facilitate classical ADE of infection and increase disease severity during DENV2 challenge (23,(31)(32)(33)(34). In humans, primary ZIKV infection induces lower heterologous neutralizing antibody titers to DENV1 to -4 than primary DENV1 to -3 infection (41,42), suggesting the potential for enhancement of multiple serotypes ( fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Zika virus infection enhances future risk of severe dengue disease

Katzelnick

Narvaez

Arguello

et al. 2020

Science

191

226

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The Zika pandemic sparked intense interest in whether immune interactions among dengue virus serotypes 1 to 4 (DENV1 to -4) extend to the closely related Zika virus (ZIKV). We investigated prospective pediatric cohorts in Nicaragua that experienced sequential DENV1 to -3 (2004 to 2015), Zika (2016 to 2017), and DENV2 (2018 to 2020) epidemics. Risk of symptomatic DENV2 infection and severe disease was elevated by one prior ZIKV infection, one prior DENV infection, or one prior DENV infection followed by one ZIKV infection, compared with being flavivirus-naïve. By contrast, multiple prior DENV infections reduced dengue risk. Further, although high preexisting anti-DENV antibody titers protected against DENV1, DENV3, and ZIKV disease, intermediate titers induced by previous ZIKV or DENV infection enhanced future risk of DENV2 disease and severity, as well as DENV3 severity. The observation that prior ZIKV infection can modulate dengue disease severity like a DENV serotype poses challenges to development of dengue and Zika vaccines.

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Reciprocal immune enhancement of dengue and Zika virus infection in human skin

Cited by 22 publications

References 61 publications

Importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions in lowering the viral inoculum to reduce susceptibility to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and potentially disease severity

Importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions in lowering the viral inoculum to reduce susceptibility to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and potentially disease severity

Lying in wait: the resurgence of dengue virus after the Zika epidemic in Brazil

Zika virus infection enhances future risk of severe dengue disease

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