“…Studies from English-speaking countries have consistently reported high correlations between spelling skills and performance in proofreading tasks from elementary to secondary school (Allen & Ager, 1965;Allred, 1984;Croft, 1982;Freyberg, 1970;Frisbie & Cantor, 1995;Westwood, 1999). The two available studies from German-speaking countries, both of which focus on secondary-school children, yielded similar results (Lenhart et al, 2019;Schneider et al, 2014). Considering the high stability of spelling skills from elementary to secondary school in German-speaking school children (see Schneider, 2008b), we assumed a strong linear relationship between performance in error-detection and dictation tasks for German elementary-school children (Hypothesis 1).…”