Rechargeable alkaline iron electrodes

Vijayamohanan, K.; Balasubramanian, T.; Shukla, Ashok

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(91)80093-d

Cited by 105 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…2 The horizontal axis indicates the discharge capacity per the unit mass of iron fraction in the composite electrode. The composite obtained by ammonia titration provides 50 mAh of capacity per 1 gram of iron.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, there have been many attempts to apply the electrochemical redox reaction between Fe(0) to Fe(II) or Fe(III) to practical battery system as represented by ancient proposal of the Edison battery. 1,2 Iron-air secondary battery is expected to have high theoretical energy density (1228 Wh kg ¹1 ), and efforts have been progressed for novel power source of electric vehicle. 1,[3][4][5] Practically the low utility of iron is one of the main reasons for unexpected low energy density, likely due to the passivation of active mass by the coverage of insulate oxidation product Fe(OH) x during discharge process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Preparation Condition of Iron Hydroxide/Nano-Carbon Composite on Its Properties

et al. 2014

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The influence of the sol-gel preparation condition of the composites of iron hydroxide with fibrous nano-carbon on their electrode properties has been investigated. The morphology, namely particle dispersion feature, of the Fe(OH) x /nano-carbon composites and their electrode properties depend on the preparation conditions, such as titration rate and the kind of alkali. The specific capacity of the composite with carbon nanotube substrate is approximately twice by that with vapor-grown carbon fiber substrate, due to smaller size of the pitches within entangled tubes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Preparation Condition of Iron Hydroxide/Nano-Carbon Composite on Its Properties

et al. 2014

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“…The passivation layer covering iron surface inhibits charge-discharge reaction of the active mass inside and lowers the utility of iron. 1,4 It is expected to be effective on the iron utility to retain electric conduction within active mass. According to this strategy, several attempts have been made to prepare composite electrode of iron active mass with conductive agent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cation Mixing on Utility of Iron in Iron/Carbon Nano-Fiber Composite Electrode

Egashira

2015

Electrochemistry

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“…18 Despite these striking attributes of iron-based batteries, the large-scale use of these batteries has been hampered largely by two technical issues of the iron electrode: (1) low charging efficiency of 55-70%, 16 and (2) poor discharge rate capability. 16,19,20 Our recent efforts have solved these two major problems.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…26,27 Between 1980 and 2000 and more recently after 2012, Shukla et al have reported extensive studies on the mechanism and performance of the iron electrode for nickel-iron and iron-air batteries. [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][41][42] Periasamy et al have reported studies on improving the iron electrode for nickeliron batteries. [37][38][39][40] In the last five years, under an effort funded by ARPA-E at the University of Southern California, Narayanan et al have demonstrated notable improvements in the charging efficiency and discharge-rate capability of iron electrodes.…”

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confidence: 99%

A High-Performance Sintered Iron Electrode for Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries to Enable Large-Scale Energy Storage

Yang

Manohar

Narayanan

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Iron-based alkaline rechargeable batteries such as iron-air and nickel-iron batteries are particularly attractive for large-scale energy storage because these batteries can be relatively inexpensive, environment-friendly, and also safe. Therefore, our study has focused on achieving the essential electrical performance and cycling properties needed for the widespread use of iron-based alkaline batteries in stationary and distributed energy storage applications. We have demonstrated for the first time, an advanced sintered iron electrode capable of 3500 cycles of repeated charge and discharge at the 1-hour rate and 100% depth of discharge in each cycle, and an average Coulombic efficiency of over 97%. Such a robust and efficient rechargeable iron electrode is also capable of continuous discharge at rates as high as 3C with no noticeable loss in utilization. We have shown that the porosity, pore size and thickness of the sintered electrode can be selected rationally to optimize specific capacity, rate capability and robustness. These advances in the electrical performance and durability of the iron electrode enables iron-based alkaline batteries to be a viable technology solution for meeting the dire need for large-scale electrical energy storage. Electrical energy storage systems will enable the seamless integration of the electricity generated from wind turbines and solar photovoltaics into the electricity grid. Rechargeable batteries are particularly good candidates for such large-scale energy storage because of their high round-trip efficiency, inherent scalability, and flexibility for being located almost anywhere.1-6 Batteries such as vanadiumredox, lead-acid and lithium-ion are under consideration for this application because of their commercial availability. Yet, the widespread deployment of these battery systems is limited by their materials cost, lifetime, safety concerns, and the high cost of delivered energy. 7,8Rechargeable iron-based alkaline batteries such as nickel-iron and iron-air have unique advantages that make them particularly attractive for meeting the emerging demands of grid-scale electrical energy storage systems.6,9-12 Iron, the primary raw material for these battery systems, is globally abundant, relatively inexpensive, eco-friendly and is recycled readily. Thus, iron is particularly attractive as a raw material for batteries required at such a large scale.6 Iron-based batteries such as the nickel-iron battery are historically well known for their extraordinary robustness to thousands of cycles of charge and discharge, and tolerance to overcharge and over-discharge. [13][14][15][16] Such robustness is generally uncommon among rechargeable batteries; other types of batteries in use today degrade in about 1000 cycles.17 For example, lead-acid batteries typically offer 500-800 cycles, and lithium-ion batteries usually last no more than 1000 cycles especially when subjected to deep discharge.18 Despite these striking attributes of iron-based batteries, the large-scale use of these batteries ...

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Rechargeable alkaline iron electrodes

Cited by 105 publications

References 85 publications

Influence of Preparation Condition of Iron Hydroxide/Nano-Carbon Composite on Its Properties

Influence of Preparation Condition of Iron Hydroxide/Nano-Carbon Composite on Its Properties

Effect of Cation Mixing on Utility of Iron in Iron/Carbon Nano-Fiber Composite Electrode

A High-Performance Sintered Iron Electrode for Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries to Enable Large-Scale Energy Storage

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