Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand Promotes the Production of CCL17 from RANK+ M2 Macrophages

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐B ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling promotes cancer‐related inflammation through M2 macrophages

“…Breast cancer, prostate cancer and extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD), all of which are well known to metastasize to bone, are RANKL + human tumors (S1, 2). As we previously reported, sRANKL released from Paget cells stimulates RANK + M2 macrophages to recruit Tregs in the tumor microenvironment in EMPD (2,3). …”

Immunomodulatory Effect of Imiquimod Through CCL22 Produced by Tumor-associated Macrophages in B16F10 Melanomas

“…For instance, the ANTICANCER RESEARCH 37: 3461-3471 (2017) 3466 suppressive function of TAMs and MDSCs is partly mediated by the metabolism of L-arginine, which is determined by the expression of high levels of arginase 1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, both of which inhibit T cell proliferation (16,17,21,22,25). In addition, both TAMs and MDSCs produce Treg-related chemokines to recruit Tregs to the tumor microenvironment (16,17,21,22,(25)(26)(27). Moreover, TAMs and MDSCs express immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-L1 and B7-1, to suppress the activities of effector memory T cells in the tumor (15,25).…”

Tumor-associated M2 macrophages in mycosis fungoides acquire immunomodulatory function by interferon alpha and interferon gamma

“…We sorted CD14 + monocytes (CD14 + Mo) from PBMCs of healthy donors by using MACS and then induced their differentiation into macrophages by culture with M-CSF for 5 days, as previously described [11]. We then stimulated these macrophages with or without 20 ng/ml of IL-4 for 6 h and examined gene expression by using a cDNA microarray.…”

“…CD14 + monocytes (2 Â 10 5 /ml) were cultured in complete medium containing 100 ng/ml of recombinant human M-CSF for 5 days, as previously reported [4,11,12]. On the fifth day, the monocyte-derived M2 macrophages (M2Mf) were treated with IL-4 (20 ng/ml) together with IFN-a2a (20 ng/ml) or IFN-g (20 ng/ ml).…”