Recent Updates on Multifunctional Nanomaterials as Antipathogens in Humans and Livestock: Classification, Application, Mode of Action, and Challenges

Abstract

Pathogens cause infections and millions of deaths globally, while antipathogens are drugs or treatments designed to combat them. To date, multifunctional nanomaterials (NMs), such as organic, inorganic, and nanocomposites, have attracted significant attention by transforming antipathogen livelihoods. They are very small in size so can quickly pass through the walls of bacterial, fungal, or parasitic cells and viral particles to perform their antipathogenic activity. They are more reactive and have a high band gap, making them more effective than traditional medications. Moreover, due to some pathogen’s resistance to currently available medications, the antipathogen performance of NMs is becoming crucial. Additionally, due to their prospective properties and administration methods, NMs are eventually chosen for cutting-edge applications and therapies, including drug administration and diagnostic tools for antipathogens. Herein, NMs have significant characteristics that can facilitate identifying and eliminating pathogens in real-time. This mini-review analyzes multifunctional NMs as antimicrobial tools and investigates their mode of action. We also discussed the challenges that need to be solved for the utilization of NMs as antipathogens.

Preparation of visible-light active MOFs-Perovskites (ZIF-67/LaFeO3) nanocatalysts for exceptional CO2 conversion, organic pollutants and antibiotics degradation

“…However, the pore size of LFO-NS decreased after ZIF-67 integration as shown in ( Fig. S2B ) resulting in an enlarged surface area for CO 2 conversion, MG, and antibiotics degradation leading to intermediate production and inorganic minerals [ 55 ].…”

A critical review on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based nanomaterials for biomedical applications: Designing, recent trends, challenges, and prospects

“…However, a few NMs, including Au, Ag, Fe 3 O 4 , Zn, Ti, Zr, Cu, Co, Si, carbon-based NMs, and a few hybrid NMs, have already been approved for various therapeutic applications. These applications include viral therapy, immuno-cancer treatment, gene therapy, medication delivery, as well as diagnostics purposes such as bioimaging and biosensing [ 25 ] as shown in Fig. 2 .…”

Sustainable Waste Management in Orthopedic Healthcare Services

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