Recent Trends in Synthesis of Chloramphenicol New Derivatives

Abstract

Chloramphenicol (CAM), the bacteriostatic broad-spectrum antibiotic, isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae during the “golden era” of antibiotic discovery, nowadays has limited clinical potential due to adverse side effects and frequent antimicrobial resistance. Numerous CAM analogs were synthesized in order to find the derivatives with improved pharmacological properties and activity on resistant bacterial strains. This work aims to summarize the most recent achievements in obtaining new CAM analogs reported during the last five years. Current investigations are mainly focused on elucidating the molecular basis of the mode of CAM action and determining the mechanisms of resistance to this class of antibiotics or on studies of the possible use of the CAM scaffold to search for therapeutic agents with different CAM modes of action—such as selective antiproliferative agents or bacterial cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors. Hopefully, a deeper understanding of the CAM interactions with the target and its specificity will generate research ideas for developing new effective drugs.

Identification and Prevention of Microbial Contaminants in Musa paradisiaca Tissue Culture

“…and Aspergillus flavus, which can be added into the growth medium such as Murashige and Skoog (1962) to prevent latent contamination. This antibiotic is a synthetic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae strains (Tevyashova, 2021). Chloramphenicol inhibited bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing the attachment of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosome.…”

Phenolic compounds from Thymus vulgaris, Artemisia annua extracts and pure Thymol were tested against twenty Pseudomonas spp. strains for antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities

“…By attaching to the bacterial ribosome (blocking peptidyl transferase) and decreasing protein synthesis, chloramphenicol prevents bacterial growth, also Amikacin, an aminoglycoside, binds to the bacterial ribosome and prevents vulnerable bacteria from producing protein. Bactericidal against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro (Sizar et al, 2021;Tevyashova, 2021).…”

A chemoenzymatic strategy for the efficient synthesis of amphenicol antibiotic chloramphenicol mediated by an engineered l-threonine transaldolase with high activity and stereoselectivity

“…17 2,2-Dichloro-N-((1R,2R)-1,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-nitrophenyl) propan-2-yl)acetamide (chloramphenicol, 5), is a natural amphenicol antibiotic with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. 18 In the last decades, although chloramphenicol has been limited due to its side effects, such as aplastic anaemia and gray baby syndrome in premature and newborn infants, it remains the first clinical drug choice for the treatment of serious bacterial infections, such as typhoid fever, brain abscesses and rickettsial infections. 19 Furthermore, the alarming epidemic of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria has also forced more and more clinicians to reintroduce chloramphenicol in clinical practice, 20 thus making it an irreplaceable kind of antibiotic.…”