Recent Trends in Photomultipliers for Nuclear Physics

Boutot, J. P.; Nussli, J.; Vallat, D.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2539(08)60891-4

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…It is also clear that photomultipliers are more like systems than components as far as reliability is concerned due the numerous characteristics affecting their operation (cathode sensitivity, noise, gain, etc.) [15].…”

Section: Partial Failuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radiation Hardness Assurance for the JEM-EUSO Space Mission

Prieto-Alfonso¹,

Peral²,

Casolino³

et al. 2015

Reliability Engineering & System Safety

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Reliability assessment is concerned with the analysis of devices and systems whose individual components are prone to fail. This reliability analysis documents the process and results of reliability determination of the JEM-EUSO Photomultiplier tube component using the methods 217 Plus, Quantum efficiency degradation and radiation hardness assurance. In conclusion, the levels of damage suffered by the PMTs which comprise the focal surface of JEM-EUSO Space Telescope, are acceptable. The results show as well that the greatest contribution to the failure is due to radiation SET. The guaranteed performance of this equipment is a 99.45%, an accepted value of reliability thus fulfilling the objectives and technological challenges of JEM-EUSO. It should be noted that the reliability values of the Standard 217Plus, despite being a standard improved, and an updated version of MIL-HDBK-217 Plus does not have sections that include the analysis of radiation of space electronic equipment. The recommendation from this study is the inclusion of all real failure effects may face an electronic, mechanical, optical space equipment.

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Section: Partial Failuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The propagation of failure rate caused by this amount of components makes mandatory the usage of high reliable components. As usual, two types of failure must be determined [15].…”

Section: Partial Failuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation Hardness Assurance for the JEM-EUSO Space Mission

Prieto-Alfonso¹,

Peral²,

Casolino³

et al. 2015

Reliability Engineering & System Safety

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“…As long as the transmitted photons per photon is larger than 1, this technique for amplified light detection has been shown to work [5] as a compressor, and also in several other contexts also similar to image intensifiers [6], [7], [8], [9]. We propose to extend this proven technique by producing the concentrated and amplified photons directly in a fiberoptic-coupling structure.…”

Section: -Dimension Casementioning

confidence: 99%

Light amplifier/compressor photodetectors and applications

Winn

Onel

Sanzeni

2007

2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record

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We have developed a photodetection technique which amplifies and "compresses" the phase space of the incident light on the detector, the Light Amplifier Compressor (LAC), with sufficient compression on the light output of the light amplifier to match the input phase-space of optical fibers. Optical fiber(s) then transport the amplified/compressed light to pixel-sized detectors (such as avalanche photodiodes (APD), CCD's, or multichannel or miniature photomultipliers) either on the LAC tube, or even in remote locations. The technology for light amplification and compression is old: vacuum photoelectrons are accelerated through a large voltage and are then reconverted back to photons on the anode consisting of an aluminized fast phosphor, (an image intensifier). The photoelectron image is first demagnified by field focusing, compressing the areal density, increasing the angular phase space, which becomes irrelevant since the phosphor light emission loses all memory of the incident direction. This old technique has been now used in some new geometries, and with very fast near UV/blue phosphors with ns decay constants, the phosphor light coupled to wavelength shifting fibers, which make this technique useful for new types of optical detectors. Practical photon areal phase space compression can exceed 5 x 10 4 , with photon gains exceeding 5 photons per incident photon. The photocathode areas can scale to large sizes exceeding a square meter, to very compact tubes, and to operation in very high magnetic fields up to 4 T.

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“…The VPT response slowly degrades with time due to ionizing radiation damage to the faceplate on which the photocathode is deposited [6] and to the well known loss of response in vacuum photodetectors, assumed to be due to damage from ion feedback, as charge is taken from the device [7]. In addition there are dynamic rate-dependent effects where short term changes in response are induced by significant changes in the rate of light pulses incident upon the device.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The stability of vacuum phototriodes to varying light pulse loads and long term changes in response

Hobson

2013

Proceedings of International Workshop on New Photon-Detectors — PoS(PhotoDet 2012)

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Mesh anode Vacuum Phototriodes (VPTs) are radiation resistant, single gain-stage photomultipliers which are designed to operate in a strong quasi-axial magnetic field. These VPTs are used in the endcap electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC to detect scintillation light from lead tungstate crystals. Short term dynamic response changes occur because of pulse rate variations during normal LHC operation cycles. Over the longer term the effect of increasing integrated charge taken from the photocathode causes an overall degradation of response. We have investigated these effects over time periods exceeding two years of simulated operation and discuss the implications for the long term performance of the VPTs in CMS.

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Recent Trends in Photomultipliers for Nuclear Physics

Cited by 22 publications

References 138 publications

Radiation Hardness Assurance for the JEM-EUSO Space Mission

Radiation Hardness Assurance for the JEM-EUSO Space Mission

Light amplifier/compressor photodetectors and applications

The stability of vacuum phototriodes to varying light pulse loads and long term changes in response

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