Recent trends in nanostructured carbon-based electrochemical sensors for the detection and remediation of persistent toxic substances in real-time analysis

Abstract

There are rising issues regarding the presence and discharge of emerging pollutants (EPs) in the ecosystem, including pharmaceutical waste, organic contaminants, heavy metals, pesticides, antibiotics and dyes. The human populace is typically exposed to a variety of EPs and toxins, such as those found in the soil, air, food supply, and drinkable water. Thus, creating new purification methods and effective pollution detection tools is a significant task. Several researchers in the sector have created unique analytical techniques including chromatography/mass and gaseous atomic absorption spectroscopy for the identification of contaminants to date. The aforementioned techniques have excellent sensitivity, but they are costly, time-consuming, costly, need sophisticated expertise to operate and are difficult to execute due to their enormous scale. Electrochemical sensors with resilience, specificity, sensibility, and real-time observations are thus been designed as a solution to the aforementioned shortcomings. The development of innovative systems to assures human and environmental protection has been aided by significant improvements in nanostructured carbon-based electrochemical sensor platforms. These platforms show enticing characteristics including excellent electrocatalytic operations, increased electrical conductance, and efficient surface region when compared to conventional methods. This paper intends to provide an analysis of low-cost nanostructured carbon-based electrochemical sensors from 2015 to 2022 that could detect and eradicate components of EPs from various origins. This review discusses the characteristics and uses of nanostructured carbon-based electrochemical sensors, which include carbon nanotubes, MXenes, carbon dots/graphene dots, graphene/graphene oxide, and other materials. These sensors are used to detect EPs such as heavy metal ions (Pb(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), etc.), pharmaceutical waste, dyes and pesticides. Additionally, processing and characterization techniques, including differential-pulsed voltammograms, SW voltammograms, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are discussed in detail to examine the prospects of these carbon-based electrochemical sensors and associated detection mechanisms. It is intended that this analysis would stimulate the development of new detection methods for protecting public health and restoring the environment.

Recent advancements in the surface treatments for enhanced biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of titanium-based biomedical implants

“…One of the primary factors that can lead to the corrosion of Ti and its alloys in biomedical implants is the availability of aggressive/corrosive ions in the body fluids. Chloride ions, which exist in high concentrations in the human body, can result in the breakdown of the oxide layer and cause localized corrosion [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] . The presence of other ions, such as fluoride and sulfate, can also contribute to corrosion.…”

Subpicomolar Dopamine Detection Using Two-Dimensional Cobalt Telluride

“…Dopamine detection has been performed earlier with sensing methods like surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), fluorescence spectroscopy, and field effect transistors . To make the process simple and easily scalable, and to minimize the involvement of expensive instruments with skilled operators, while maintaining selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility, electrochemical sensing is an effective method. − Research on the electrochemical detection of dopamine has been done previously using a number of different materials, including quantum dots, , aptasensors, , molecular imprinted polymers, noble metals, and 3D frameworks . Although most other works cannot achieve the subpicomolar level detection limit, which is critical for early disease diagnosis, and to encourage the facile fabrication procedure, we have used this liquid-exfoliated 2D CoTe 2 material, which facilitates easy scalability of the sensor to cater the large-scale demand.…”