Recent trends in integrity protection of power system: A literature review

Abstract

Background: An increase in the load demand has been forcing the electrical components to work near their allowable limits. The transformation of the power system in terms of technology and geographical stretch has imposed the necessity of employing advanced protection schemes in the system. The system integrity protection scheme (SIPS) has evolved as an effective measure with the gradual sprawl of the conventional grid with local measurements to a smart grid with wide-area measurement system. Aims: SIPS is a rapidly growing field in the power system and thus the study of its performance analysis, implementation methods, and applications is necessary. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of SIPS technology. Materials & Methods: In this paper, SIPS definition and classification are briefly discussed. SIPS normalization schemes that include load shedding, controlled islanding, generation rejection, ou-of-step prediction, relay settings are elaborated. To implement these normalization schemes, various methods such as index-based, optimization-based, WAMS based, EAC based, and ML-based are discussed and compared. Finally, a comparative assessment is framed based on SIPS applied for different power system issues such as transient instability, voltage instability, overloading, line contingency, protection security, etc. Results: It is observed that most of the proposed SIPS are implemented for improving transient stability. The preferred solution for implementing the SIPS by the researchers is load shedding. It is also observed that there is a lack of implementation of SIPS with renewable energy systems.

Transmission Line Distance Protection Algorithm Based on Bayesian Inference

“…Reference [3], on the other hand, proposes an adaptive quadrilateral impedance zone whose boundaries are modified according to the results of a multioptimization problem solved through a genetic algorithm. In general, optimization-based protection algorithms constitute a trendy research line in the contemporary literature [4], and algorithms such as those proposed in the cited references may be advantageous as they allow the construction of adaptive protection zones rather than using predetermined fixed zones such as Mho or quadrilateral characteristics. Furthermore, adaptive zones can also be more effective at detecting high impedance faults than conventional zones.…”

“…e methods presented in [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] are examples of distance protection solutions that work with voltage and current phasors, estimated from the field measurements performed by the protection apparatus. Phasor-based protection solutions are the most common in commercial devices because of the low computational burden and effectiveness.…”

Resilience Microgrid as Power System Integrity Protection Scheme Element With Reinforcement Learning Based Management

“…Enormous financial loss and negative social effects of interruption in power system services encouraged integrity in power system protection. SIPS is a collection of measurements, monitoring, communications, decisions, and actions to protect the stability of the power system in contingencies [20]. It is estimated that the future power grid will be a multi-microgrid system due to the ever-increasing RERs utilization, in particular, in the form of the microgrid.…”

Inverter‐side robust damping controller design of hybrid HVDC with cascaded multi‐infeed MMC converters in asynchronous situation

“…The large power system interconnection can bring significant economic and social benefits, but its huge scale and complicate characteristic also makes power system face safety and operation challenges. The low‐frequency oscillation (LFO) is just the typical problem caused by the large‐scale interconnection and has aroused a lot attention in past years 1 …”

“…The low-frequency oscillation (LFO) is just the typical problem caused by the large-scale interconnection and has aroused a lot attention in past years. 1 As a classical AC synchronous problem, the most popular and practical method to suppress LFO is adding power system stabilizer (PSS) to generators, where a lot of PSS coordination strategies and parameter optimization methods have been studied thoroughly. [2][3][4][5][6] However, the PSS usually is effective for the local oscillation modes, while little effect can be achieved when PSS is faced to the inter-area oscillations.…”