Recent trends in biodiesel production from commonly used animal fats

Abstract

Summary Changes in climate due to the enormous amount of carbon dioxide emissions have really encouraged the development of energy sources that are renewable, sustainable, and eco‐friendly. The development of alternative energy sources can also be attributed to the rapid decrease in resources of fossil energy. Biodiesel has gained significant interest in recent years due to its fossil fuel–like properties and sustainable and eco‐friendly characteristics. However, most biodiesels are expensive because of the high cost of feedstock largely based on edible vegetable oil sources. The use of animal fats waste as cost effective feedstock in biodiesel production has gained considerable attention in recent years. Although, most studies regarding the use of animal wastes as feedstock in biodiesel production are still in the early stages, the advantages of this type of feedstock have been highlighted in the literature. However, most studies have not focus on the recent advances in the use of animal fats waste. The studies on the use of novel approach have been reported in isolation. Therefore, this current study attempts to highlight recent developments of the most commonly used animal fats waste in the production of biodiesel. In addition, emphasis was given to the most appropriate production technique, catalyst, energy requirement, and optimum reaction conditions.

The advances and limitations in biodiesel production: feedstocks, oil extraction methods, production, and environmental life cycle assessment

“…Animal fats are generally formed of a mixture of TGs, proteins, water, and diverse minerals (35). WAFs often collected from animal slaughterhouses or fish factories (36). Biodiesel derived from WAFs has a high cetane number but low pour point due to the presence of FFAs and low oxidative stability due to the lack of natural antioxidants (37).…”

Valorization of Wastes for Biodiesel Production: The Brazilian Case

“…However, the use of a large supply of vegetable oils as feedstocks may lead to food scarcity because of the edible oil sources, which are primarily meant for human consumption. Consequently, the use of animal fat waste as cheap sources of feedstock in biodiesel production has gained more and more interest, including by Brazilian researchers [29].…”

Optimized production and advanced assessment of biodiesel: A review

“…18 In the presence of a catalyst (a base or acid), conversion rate is generally enhanced. Transesterification process is often carried out in the presence of an acid or base and enzyme catalysts.…”

“…The transesterification process is the reversible process and can be categorized into 2 classes, ie, catalytic transesterification process and noncatalytic transesterification process. 18 In the presence of a catalyst (a base or acid), conversion rate is generally enhanced. 19 The general term used for transesterification process is alcoholysis.…”