Recent trends and projections of primary NO2 emissions in Europe

Grice, Susannah; Stedman, John; Kent, Andrew; Hobson, M.; Norris, J.O.W.; Abbott, John; Cooke, Sally

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.019

Cited by 130 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Generally, over the last decade and in particular in Europe, it has been observed than the NO 2 fraction of NO x emitted from traffic has been rising (Carslaw, 2005;Carslaw et al, 2011;Mavroidis and Chaloulaki, 2011). Grice et al (2009) reported increases of the NO 2 fraction from 8.6% in 2000 to 12.4% in 2004 and predicted further average increases of the NO 2 fraction to 19.6% in 2010 and eventually 32% in 2020. The main reason for this increase is considered to be the use of diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) and catalyzed diesel particulate filters (DPFs) (Bar-Ilan et al, 2010;Bishop et al, 2010), which became standard equipment on new diesel trucks starting with 2007 (Ban- Weiss et al, 2008; see also: http://www.epa.gov/oms/highwaydiesel/).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radical precursors and related species from traffic as observed and modeled at an urban highway junction

Rappenglück

Lubertino

Alvarez

et al. 2013

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Nitrous acid (HONO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) are important precursors for radicals and are believed to favor ozone formation significantly. Traffic emission data for both compounds are scarce and mostly outdated. A better knowledge of today's HCHO and HONO emissions related to traffic is needed to refine air quality models. Here the authors report results from continuous ambient air measurements taken at a highway junction in Houston, Texas, from July 15 to October 15, 2009. The observational data were compared with emission estimates from currently available mobile emission models (MOBILE6; MOVES [MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator]). Observations indicated a molar carbon monoxide (CO) versus nitrogen oxides (NO x ) ratio of 6.01 AE 0.15 (r 2 ¼ 0.91), which is in agreement with other field studies. Both MOBILE6 and MOVES overestimate this emission ratio by 92% and 24%, respectively. For HCHO/CO, an overall slope of 3.14 AE 0.14 g HCHO/kg CO was observed. Whereas MOBILE6 largely underestimates this ratio by 77%, MOVES calculates somewhat higher HCHO/CO ratios (1.87) than MOBILE6, but is still significantly lower than the observed ratio. MOVES shows high HCHO/CO ratios during the early morning hours due to heavyduty diesel off-network emissions. The differences of the modeled CO/NO x and HCHO/CO ratios are largely due to higher NO x and HCHO emissions in MOVES (30% and 57%, respectively, increased from MOBILE6 for 2009), as CO emissions were about the same in both models. The observed HONO/NO x emission ratio is around 0.017 AE 0.0009 kg HONO/kg NO x which is twice as high as in MOVES. The observed NO 2 /NO x emission ratio is around 0.16 AE 0.01 kg NO 2 /kg NO x , which is a bit more than 50% higher than in MOVES. MOVES overestimates the CO/CO 2 emission ratio by a factor of 3 compared with the observations, which is 0.0033 AE 0.0002 kg CO/kg CO 2 . This as well as CO/NO x overestimation is coming from light-duty gasoline vehicles.Implications: Nitrous acid (HONO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) are important precursors for radicals that ultimately contribute to ozone formation. There still exist uncertainties in emission sources of HONO and HCHO and thus regional air quality modeling still tend to underestimate concentrations of free radicals in the atmosphere. This paper demonstrates that the latest U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) traffic emission model MOVES still shows significant deviations from observed emission ratios, in particular underestimation of HCHO/CO and HONO/NO x ratios. Improving the performance of MOVES may improve regional air quality modeling.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radical precursors and related species from traffic as observed and modeled at an urban highway junction

Rappenglück

Lubertino

Alvarez

et al. 2013

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…This is particularly true for the road transport sector (Lee et al, 2013;Simmons and Seakins., 2012;Liu et al, 2009;Grice et al, 2009) which often constitutes the single most important source of NO x emissions in urban environments. In addition, urban scale inventories usually need a fine spatial and temporal resolution, which cannot be achieved by downscaling methods or top-down inventories.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emission inventories and modeling requirements for the development of air quality plans. Application to Madrid (Spain)

Borge

Lumbreras

Pérez

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

126

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HIGHLIGHTS• A comprehensive and flexible urban emission inventory was developed for Madrid.• Options for multi-scale consistency are discussed (from European to street level).• Urban background N0 2 concentration levels well described by CMAQ (MB -2.2 ug/m 3 ).• N0 2 concentration levels in Madrid are dominated by local traffic (up to 90%).• A 31% reduction of NO x emissions may allow Madrid meeting the N0 2 European standards. ABSTRACTModeling is an essential tool for the development of atmospheric emission abatement measures and air quality plans. Most often these plans are related to urban environments with high emission density and population exposure. However, air quality modeling in urban areas is a rather challenging task. As environmental standards become more stringent (e.g. European Directive 2008/50/EC), more reliable and sophisticated modeling tools are needed to simulate measures and plans that may effectively tackle air quality exceedances, common in large urban areas across Europe, particularly for N0 2 . This also implies that emission inventories must satisfy a number of conditions such as consistency across the spatial scales involved in the analysis, consistency with the emission inventories used for regulatory purposes and versatility to match the requirements of different air quality and emission projection models. This study reports the modeling activities carried out in Madrid (Spain) highlighting the atmospheric emission inventory development and preparation as an illustrative example of the combination of models and data needed to develop a consistent air quality plan at urban level. These included a series of source apportionment studies to define contributions from the international, national, regional and local sources in order to understand to what extent local authorities can enforce meaningful abatement measures. Moreover, source apportionment studies were conducted in order to define contributions from different sectors and to understand the maximum feasible air quality improvement that can be achieved by reducing emissions from those sectors, thus targeting emission reduction policies to the most relevant activities. Finally, an emission scenario reflecting the effect of such policies was developed and the associated air quality was modeled.

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“…The principal source of NOx is road traffic, but fuel combustion from industrial facilities is another source. Nitrogen monoxide (NO) makes up the majority of NOx emissions, although newer diesel vehicles may emit as much as 55% of their NOx as NO 2 [9]. Oxidation of NO emissions also leads to NO 2 .…”

Section: Sulfur Dioxide (So 2 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Pollution Monitoring: A Case Study from Romania

Iorga¹

2016

Air Quality - Measurement and Modeling

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The first section of this chapter provides an up-to-date general view of air pollution/air quality topic. It indicates main pollutants and their sources and impacts and presents and discusses current air quality standards and air quality indexes worldwide; how datasets are acquired, gathered and analyzed and how the measurements are then interpreted are also presented. Recent works containing updated and detailed technical discussions for each issue addressed and additional web resources are mentioned. The great importance of air pollution monitoring is emphasized. Second, in the international context of incomplete information on air pollution in East Europe, the chapter includes a section presenting an assessment of air pollution at some sites in Romania together with its evolution from the beginning of the monitoring up to present. Availability of PM 10 , PM 2.5, NO x , SO 2 and CO concentrations is site and pollutant dependent and varies from 3 to 9 years. Investigation of temporal and spatial variation of pollutant levels, as well as of PM 10 and PM 2.5 relationships with the measured gaseous air pollutants and with meteorological variables, includes correlation and linear regression analysis and temporal-trend analysis; coefficient of divergence was calculated to check up on the air pollution inter-sites' differences and pollutant seasonal variation intra-site.Keywords: air pollution, air quality standards, air quality index, particulate matter, gaseous pollutants, temporal trends, East Europe An introduction to air pollution monitoringThe challenge of modern society to take air pollution abatement measures based on scientific knowledge has encouraged the scientists to study the atmospheric composition changes, the short-and long-term pollutant effects and impacts and to simulate air pollution scenarios all over the world. The advances achieved in the field of air pollution during the past decades are © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.due to numerous detailed investigations, the application of a large number of techniques and the acquisition of abundant monitoring data.First, the aim of this chapter is to provide an up-to-date general view of air pollution/air quality topic. Second, in the international context of incomplete information on air pollution in East Europe, the chapter includes a section presenting an updated image of air pollution at some sites in Romania together with its evolution from the beginning of the monitoring up to present.The substances that accumulate in atmosphere in such a concentration and for enough long time that they may harm the living organisms or produce damage to building materials are called pollutants. World Health Organization gives us the following definition of air pollution: "Air pollution is contamina...

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Recent trends and projections of primary NO2 emissions in Europe

Cited by 130 publications

References 7 publications

Radical precursors and related species from traffic as observed and modeled at an urban highway junction

Radical precursors and related species from traffic as observed and modeled at an urban highway junction

Emission inventories and modeling requirements for the development of air quality plans. Application to Madrid (Spain)

Air Pollution Monitoring: A Case Study from Romania

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