“…There is a certain ambiguity in the terminology of public participation. Many typologies for public participation are available in the literature, starting with Arnstein’s ladder of eight steps from “manipulation” to “citizen control” (Arnstein, 1969), to more recent ones, which distinguish public participation methods based on information flow, degree of commitment of the parties involved, and the power among those parties (Chilvers, 2007; Kemp, Bennett, & White, 2006; Krütli et al, 2010). In general, these four widely recognized categories are information, consultation, collaboration, and empowerment.…”