Recent Strategy of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil and Process Influencing Parameters: A Review

Gnanaprakasam, A.; Sivakumar, V. M.; Surendhar, A.; Thirumarimurugan, M.; Kannadasan, T.

doi:10.1155/2013/926392

Cited by 129 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Thus transesterification reaction was strongly affected by catalyst concentration. The results show that they are in agreement with the literatures [28,29,30]. …”

Section: Effect Of Catalyst Concentrationsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Catalysed by Crystalline Copper Doped Zinc Oxide Nanocatalyst

Sandhya

Velavan

Ravichandran

2016

JAC

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I S S N 2321-807XV o l u m e 12 N u m b e r 12 J o u r n a l o f A d v a n c e s i n C h e m i s t r y Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Catalysed by Crystalline Copper Doped Zinc Oxide Nanocatalyst AbstractBiodiesel has its unique position in the field of renewable energy as alternate fuel to diesel due to fuel price, energy requirement and petroleum crisis. In this study, biodiesel was produced from Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) using Copper doped Zinc Oxide (CZO) nanocatalysts. The synthesized Copper doped Zinc Oxide nanocatalysts were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM). Design of experiment was framed using Taguchi method to limit the experiments and to find the optimum reaction conditions. The effect of process parameters such as oil-to-methanol ratio (O/M), catalyst type, catalyst concentration, temperature and time on the transesterification reactions using characterized Copper doped Zinc Oxide nanocatalyst were investigated. The 4% (weight /weight) nanocatalyst concentration, 1:5 Oil to methanol molar ratio at 60°C temperature and 40 minutes of reaction time were found to be optimum, in which the maximum biodiesel yield of 98 % (w/w) was obtained. Hence it was determined that nanocatalysts exhibited good catalytic activities on biodiesel production from Waste Cooking Oil (WCO). Keywords:Biodiesel, Waste Cooking Oil, Copper doped Zinc Oxide, Transesterification. IntroductionFossil fuels such as petroleum, coal and natural gas are the major sources of increased pollution level. Studieshave shown that biodiesel being less polluting, non-toxic and biodegradable; it can be used directly in most diesel engines without much engine modifications. Biodiesel is commonly produced by transesterification of lipids, animal fats, grease and waste cooking oils [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13].Catalyst plays an important role in transesterification reactions. Homogeneous catalysts result in the formation of soap which makes more complication in the reaction and also in the product separation. Heterogeneous catalysts has its own benefits such as ease of separation, easy recovery and can potentially be re-used. Finally, all these benefits leads to a reduced production cost [1,2,3,6]. Due to the nanodimension and morphological structure, the nanocatalyst composites provides higher catalytic activity [14,15]. This research work aims at conversion of WCO into biodiesel using the transesterification process with CZO nanocomposite as heterogeneous catalysts. Since nano particles have a large surface-to-volume ratio compared to bulk materials, they are attractive to use as catalysts for the transesterification reactions. Materials and methods MaterialsCupric sulphate, Zinc sulphate, Sodium carbonate were the chemicals used for synthesizing nanocatalyst. Methanol was used for transesterification reactions. All chemicals were of analytical grade purchased from Merck, India. Transesterification was carried out using Waste Cooking Oil, Copper doped Zinc Oxide nanoca...

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“…Thus transesterification reaction was strongly affected by catalyst concentration. The results show that they are in agreement with the literatures [28,29,30]. …”

Section: Effect Of Catalyst Concentrationsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Thus transesterification occurs at various temperatures. The results show that they are in agreement with the literatures [29,30,31]. …”

Section: Effect Of Reaction Temperaturesupporting

confidence: 92%

Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Catalysed by Crystalline Copper Doped Zinc Oxide Nanocatalyst

Sandhya

Velavan

Ravichandran

2016

JAC

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“…Water content in WFO will accelerate the hydrolysis reaction and simultaneously reduce the amount of ester formation (Leung and Guo, 2006). Water content should not exceed 0.5% to obtain 90% yield of biodiesel (Gnanaprakasam et al, 2013). Moreover, it was known that higher free fatty acid contents will lead to formation of soap and water.…”

Section: Triglyceridementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it was known that higher free fatty acid contents will lead to formation of soap and water. If free fatty acid content more than 3%, the homogeneous base catalyst is not suitable for the transesterification reaction (Gnanaprakasam et al, 2013).…”

Section: Triglyceridementioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-Treatment of Waste Frying Oils for Biodiesel Production

Asri¹,

Sari²

2015

MAS

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Synthesis of biodiesel is a strategic step in overcoming energy scarcity and the environmental degradation caused by the continuous use of the petroleum based energy. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engine is produced from renewable resources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. The main obstacle in the biodiesel production is the high price of the raw materials, resulting in the price of biodiesel is not competitive compared to the petroleum diesel. Therefore, the use of waste frying oils (WFO) is one way to reduce the cost of biodiesel production, because of its availability and low price. In the present work, WFO from California Fried chicken (CFC) restaurants in Surabaya were used as feed stock for the biodiesel production. The experiments were conducted using three steps of processes: pre-treatment of WFO, preparation of alumina based composite catalyst CaO/KI/γ-Al 2 O 3 and transesterification of treated WFO. WFO was treated by several types and various amounts of activated adsobents. The treated WFO was transesterified in three neck glass batch reactor with refluxed methanol using CaO/KI/γ-Al 2 O 3 . The results reveal that the best method for treating WFO is using 7.5% (wt. % to WFO) of coconut coir. Alumina based composite catalyst CaO/KI/γ-Al 2 O 3 was very promising for transesterification of WFO into biodiesel. The yield of biodiesel was 83% and obtained at 65ºC, 5 h of reaction time, 1:18 of molar ratio WFO to methanol and 6% amount of catalyst.

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“…In recent times, the use of heterogeneous catalysts has been proven to be very effective in converting high FFA feedstock directly to biodiesel, thereby by-passing the esterification stage [4,7,[10][11]. The most commonly used heterogeneous catalysts for the production of biodiesel are ion-exchange resins, inorganic-oxide solid acids and supported noble-metal oxides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel over Calcined Hydroxy Sodalite (HS) Catalyst: A preliminary investigation

Makgaba¹,

Daramola²

2015

Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering

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Abstract-In this article, preliminary investigation on the use of hydroxy sodalite (HS) as a solid catalyst for the transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel is presented. Hydroxy sodalite was synthesized in our laboratory via the conventional hydrothermal synthesis technique and the crystals were used as basic solid catalyst to convert waste cooking oil to biodiesel. Physicochemical properties of the as-synthesized HS catalyst were obtained using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) for surface chemistry and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for the morphology. The reaction was conducted at 60 o C for 6 h at a methanol-to-WCO ratio of 7.5:1 using 3 wt.% HS catalyst. The stirring was at 400 rpm to ensure uniform concentration and heat distribution during the reaction. The product obtained after the reaction was analyzed using a pre-calibrated Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The SEM images of the solid catalyst and the FTIR spectra show that HS particles were synthesized. The result of the analysis of the product revealed that biodiesel was produced. As far as could be ascertained, this is the first open report on the use of HS as solid catalyst for biodiesel production. The results of the investigation opened up further on-going research efforts in this area in our laboratory and subsequent results will be communicated in the future.

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Recent Strategy of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil and Process Influencing Parameters: A Review

Cited by 129 publications

References 55 publications

Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Catalysed by Crystalline Copper Doped Zinc Oxide Nanocatalyst

Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Catalysed by Crystalline Copper Doped Zinc Oxide Nanocatalyst

Pre-Treatment of Waste Frying Oils for Biodiesel Production

Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel over Calcined Hydroxy Sodalite (HS) Catalyst: A preliminary investigation

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