“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The boundary layer transition is a complex nonlinear phenomenon that is strongly affected by multiple factors, including freestream disturbances, the Mach number, the Reynolds number, the angle of attack, the wall temperature, leading edge bluntness, the wall roughness, and wall catalysis. 8,9 The current prediction accuracy for the hypersonic boundary layer transition is seriously insufficient. Bertin and Cummings 10 noted that none of the semi-empirical models that have predicted the boundary layer transition position accurately under different flight conditions had been obtained within the past 50 years.…”