Recent Progresses in Development of Biosensors for Thrombin Detection

Abstract

Thrombin is a serine protease with an essential role in homeostasis and blood coagulation. During vascular injuries, thrombin is generated from prothrombin, a plasma protein, to polymerize fibrinogen molecules into fibrin filaments. Moreover, thrombin is a potent stimulant for platelet activation, which causes blood clots to prevent bleeding. The rapid and sensitive detection of thrombin is important in biological analysis and clinical diagnosis. Hence, various biosensors for thrombin measurement have been developed. Biosensors are devices that produce a quantifiable signal from biological interactions in proportion to the concentration of a target analyte. An aptasensor is a biosensor in which a DNA or RNA aptamer has been used as a biological recognition element and can identify target molecules with a high degree of sensitivity and affinity. Designed biosensors could provide effective methods for the highly selective and specific detection of thrombin. This review has attempted to provide an update of the various biosensors proposed in the literature, which have been designed for thrombin detection. According to their various transducers, the constructions and compositions, the performance, benefits, and restrictions of each are summarized and compared.

Recent Development of Implantable Chemical Sensors Utilizing Flexible and Biodegradable Materials for Biomedical Applications

“…107 Combining the advantages of optical and electrochemical sensors, PEC sensors inherit attributes such as fast response, cost-effectiveness, and miniaturization. 108 Moreover, the separation of the excitation source (light source) and detection signal (electrical signal) results in reduced background noise 109 and enhanced sensitivity compared to other biochemical sensors (e.g., fluorescence-based sensors, surface plasmon resonance sensors, surface-enhanced Raman scattering techniques, electrochemical sensors). PEC sensors utilizing noncontact light stimuli 110 present significant promise for sophisticated detection of in vivo molecules, including ions, disease-related DNA, 111 microRNA (miRNA), 112 antigens, 113 aptamers, 114 protein markers, 115 and circulating tumor cells.…”

“…Thus far, great progress has been achieved in the development of nanostructured materials exhibiting outstanding PEC properties, encompassing organic semiconductor materials, , inorganic semiconductor materials, , and semiconductor-based heterojunctions. − Particularly, biocompatible nanomaterials with enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency are frequently selected for modifying the electrode/solution interface in implantable PEC sensors . Combining the advantages of optical and electrochemical sensors, PEC sensors inherit attributes such as fast response, cost-effectiveness, and miniaturization . Moreover, the separation of the excitation source (light source) and detection signal (electrical signal) results in reduced background noise and enhanced sensitivity compared to other biochemical sensors (e.g., fluorescence-based sensors, surface plasmon resonance sensors, surface-enhanced Raman scattering techniques, electrochemical sensors).…”

Optical Bioassays Based on the Signal Amplification of Redox Cycling

“…Sensitive and selective detection of chemical and biological targets is of importance in the fields of clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and food quality control [1][2][3][4]. A variety of optical methods have been applied to determine various targets with high sensitivity and sensitivity, including colorimetry, fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), chemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence [5,6]. Aiming to achieve excellent performances for the determination of low-abundance analytes, various signal amplification methods have been introduced into optical bioassays to improve the sensitivity, such as enzyme catalysis [7], nanomaterials [8][9][10], target recycling [11], nucleic acid amplification [12], and redox cycling [13].…”

Dual signal amplification coupling with DNA-templated silver nanoclusters for sensitive and label-free detection of thrombin

“…In addition, the fluorescent response of the DNA-templated AgNCs, in which DNA template works as a scaffold, relies on the surrounding microenvironment and the variation of the lengths of DNA template sequence. DNA-templated AgNCs have been widely used in establishing label-free and fluorescent approaches in recent years (Eivazzadeh-Keihan et al 2022;Maleki et al 2016). For example, Guimin Ma developed a sensitive miRNA detection based on turn-on fluorescence of DNA-templated silver nanoclusters which inspired us to utilize AgNCs for fluorescent signal generation (Ma et al 2021).…”