Recent progress on the mutations of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and suggestions for prevention and controlling of the pandemic

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused a global pandemic in the past year, which poses continuing threat to human beings. To date, more than 3561 mutations in the viral spike protein were identified, including 2434 mutations that cause amino acid changes with 343 amino acids located in the viral receptor-binding domain (RBD). Among these mutations, the most representative ones are substitution mutations such as D614G, N501Y, Y453F, N439K/R, P681H, K417N/T, and E484K, and deletion mutations of ΔH69/V70 and Δ242–244, which confer the virus with enhanced infectivity, transmissibility, and resistance to neutralization. In this review, we discussed the recent findings of SARS-CoV-2 for highlighting mutations and variants on virus transmissibility and pathogenicity. Moreover, several suggestions for prevention and controlling the pandemic are also proposed

A Detailed Overview of Immune Escape, Antibody Escape, Partial Vaccine Escape of SARS-CoV-2 and Their Emerging Variants With Escape Mutations

“…This mutation occurred due to the amino acid substitution and was found circulating in European countries such as the United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, France, Italy, Iceland, Luxembourg, Norway, and Poland. This mutation is also reported in Asian countries such as Singapore and the Middle East, such as UAE (180)(181)(182). This mutation is found in the RBM (receptor-binding motif) and increases the binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor.…”

“…Therefore, it is an epidemiologically significant mutation, and researchers are focusing on this mutation for further study. It was found that this mutation neutralizes the activity of several mAbs (monoclonal antibodies) ( 180 , 181 ). The mutation may help the virus to evade immunity.…”

From delta to Omicron: S1-RBD/S2 mutation/deletion equilibrium in SARS-CoV-2 defined variants

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Anti-SARS-CoV-1 and −2 nanobody engineering towards avidity-inspired therapeutics

“…Notwithstanding, viral immune escape could also be caused by epitope-associated residue substitutions, deletions and insertions that lead to an altered epitope conformation, increased receptor binding affinity and overall antigenicity [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] . The concept of immune escape [22] and mutations of SARS-CoV-2 [23] have been excellently reviewed in recent papers for readers reference.…”