Recent progress of transition metal-based catalysts as cathodes in O₂/H₂O-involved and pure Li–CO₂batteries

Abstract

Combining clean energy storage and reduction of CO2 emissions is an effective pattern to meet growing energy demands and achieve sustainable strategies. Li-CO2 batteries have received extensive attention, ascribing to...

Electrode/electrolyte interphases in high-temperature batteries: a review

“…With the fast development of technology, batteries have been applied in numerous areas, such as military, mining, aerospace and so on. 1,2 The first reported “battery” can be tracked back to 1799, when Volta first reported a kind of voltaic pile made up of an alternate sequence consisting of two different metals. 11 Normally, batteries are fabricated and operated at room temperature and can meet the demands for energy supply under ambient conditions.…”

Advanced Li/Na–CO2 Batteries Enabled by the γ-MnO2 Catalyst with Enhanced Carbonate Decomposition

“…Recently, metal–CO 2 batteries (Zn, Mg, K, Ca, Na, and Li) have attracted extensive attention, due to their dual advantages of capturing industrially released CO 2 gas, achieving efficient and novel energy storage devices. Particularly, as attractive metal–CO 2 batteries, Li–CO 2 batteries are considered ideal candidates because of a high discharge plateau (2.8 V), considerable theoretical energy density (1876 Wh kg –1 ), and environmentally friendly and nontoxic nature. − In 2013, Archer et al first proposed the concept of Li–CO 2 primary batteries . Subsequently, rechargeable Li–CO 2 batteries were developed based on the reaction 4Li + 3CO 2 = 2Li 2 CO 3 + C (△ rG θ m = −1132.12 kJ mol –1 ).…”

Tailoring Li–CO2 Electrochemistry Based on 4,4′-Bipyridine Redox Cycle

“…Human society needs game-changing energy conversion and storage technologies to drive the long-expected transition from fossil fuels to renewables, with the aim to alleviate the disturbing environmental tensions resulting from excessive CO 2 emissions and ever-increasing energy storage demand . The tantalizing aprotic Li–CO 2 battery is potentially an advanced solution, by virtue of the dual capabilities of CO 2 capture and electrical energy storage. , Although the seminal work of the aprotic Li–CO 2 battery has been reported a decade ago, its practical implementation is still far from reality because of many unsolved problems including, but not limited to, low energy efficiency, short cycle lifespan, and severe parasitic reactions . The underlying reason for the low capabilities of current Li–CO 2 batteries is that the Li–CO 2 electrochemistry often proceeds through a sluggish multielectron reaction pathway, in which a high activation energy barrier is frequently encountered: e.g., C–O bond cleavage upon discharge and decomposition of solid Li 2 CO 3 upon recharge.…”

“…Depending on the combinations of electrode and electrolyte, CO 2 reduction can produce multiple discharge products (e.g., Li 2 CO 3 and C, Li 2 CO 3 and CO, Li 2 C 2 O 4 ). Among them, the decomposition of solid discharge products proceeds at high potentials, involving active intermediates (e.g., O 2 – , 1 O 2 ) and thus easily inducing secondary parasitic reactions. , While the gaseous discharge product (i.e., CO) can escape from the electrode surface and further result in the irreversible Li–CO 2 electrochemistry (Figure d) . Therefore, the BPD redox cycle realizes an electrochemically reversible CO 2 capture and release process, which provides a new pathway to facilitate the discharge and charge reactions in Li–CO 2 batteries.…”

“…2,3 Although the seminal work of the aprotic Li−CO 2 battery has been reported a decade ago, its practical implementation is still far from reality because of many unsolved problems including, but not limited to, low energy efficiency, short cycle lifespan, and severe parasitic reactions. 4 The underlying reason for the low capabilities of current Li− CO 2 batteries is that the Li−CO 2 electrochemistry often proceeds through a sluggish multielectron reaction pathway, in which a high activation energy barrier is frequently encountered: e.g., C−O bond cleavage upon discharge and decomposition of solid Li 2 CO 3 upon recharge. As a result, high overpotentials are often required to drive the operation of Li− CO 2 batteries, which degrade the energy efficiency and induce severe parasitic reactions.…”