Recent Progress of Sn‐Based Derivative Catalysts for Electrochemical Reduction of CO₂

Abstract

With the development of industry and improvement in living standards, carbon dioxide emissions have increased significantly year by year, causing serious environmental problems, such as global warming and climate change, which have been receiving much attention. [1] Effective capture and utilization of carbon dioxide is an important means to alleviate the increase in carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere. [2] The electrochemical reduction reaction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 RR) can not only effectively solve the problem of the environmental impact of excessive carbon dioxide emissions, but also convert unstable renewable resources to stable chemical energy for storage. [3] Therefore, the target of recent research is how to transfer carbon dioxide into valuable chemicals and fuels. [4] Among these high-value-added chemical substances, formic acid has one of the most wide ranges of application as a reactant material in the dye and leather industry. [5] Moreover, formic acid can also be treated as one of the centers of energy transportation and preservation, that is, for simple and effective conversion into H 2 or CO. [6] Compared with other possible chemical product conversion pathways, the reduction process of CO 2 to C1 products (CO and formic acid) is a classic double electron transfer reaction that occurs easily, and the electron utilization efficiency is very high. Therefore, it is considered to be an economically feasible, simple, and effective method. [7] Due to the thermodynamic stability of carbon dioxide molecules, the reduction process is difficult to complete spontaneously. The participation of the catalyst can shorten the time

Electroreduction of carbon dioxide to formate using highly efficient bimetallic Sn–Pd aerogels

“…12 Although various metals, such as Pd, 13 Pb, 14 Bi, 15,16 Sn, [17][18][19] Ag, 20 and In 21 themselves demonstrate high selectivity for formate production, recent reports show that bimetallic alloys of these metals can increase catalytic activity even further. 22,23 Additionally, Sn-based [24][25][26][27] and Pd-based 28,29 bimetallic catalysts are superior in several aspects where monometallic catalysts are lacking: in reducing large overpotentials and improving surface stability towards CO 2 RR. [30][31][32][33][34] In addition to tailoring the elemental composition affect catalytic performance, increasing the catalytically active surface area is another strategy that can be used to enhance current density.…”

Cd3(C3N3S3)2 Polymer/Sn Schottky Heterojunction for Broadband‐Solar Highly Selective Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction

“…After the introduction of Sn, the energy barrier of CO 2 hydrogenation is significantly reduced to 0.10 eV to produce *OCHO, and the free energy barrier of the protonation is also reduced to 0.56 eV, which made it easier to selectively convert to CO. [ 44 ] CdTMT and Sn are in the strong affinity with the O atoms, but in the weak affinity with the H atoms, oriented towards the *OCHO intermediate product linked with the O atoms. [ 45 ] The synergistic effect between CdTMT and Sn further reduces the energy required for the entire reaction process. The above results indicate that the synergistic effect in the Sn/CdTMT system can enhance the activation of CO 2 and promote the separation of photogenic carriers, resulting in effective photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction activity.…”

Dual‐Metal Atom Electrocatalysts: Theory, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

“…[169] The conversion of CO 2 to industrially relevant chemical precursors (such as CO, CH 4 , CH 3 OH and longer carbon chains) and can be achieved electrochemically in ambient conditions via the CO 2 reduction process. [170] Au and Ag are active towards CO formation, [171,172] Sn toward formic acid/formate, [173] while Cu metal has been known since 1989 to yield hydrocarbons. [174] CO 2 electrolyzers based on these metals are becoming commercially available, [175] with targets and a roadmap towards technoeconomic viability of CO 2 reduction products recently outlined, which can be applied from lab to commercial scale.…”