Recent progress of lead-free halide double perovskites for green energy and other applications

Lead-free all-inorganic halide double perovskite materials for optoelectronic applications: progress, performance and design

“…22 Different existing forms (e.g., nanocrystals, single crystals, and thin films) and morphologies of LFAIHDPs can be prepared and optimized to improve their optoelectronic performance by appropriate synthesis methods. 35,125,172 In addition, the optimization of the device configuration (e.g., inverted and conventional) have been extensively investigated. 173,174 Light management techniques (e.g., plasmonic enhancements and tandem architectures) have been applied to effectively enhance the photon absorption and photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells.…”

“…LFAIHDPs have also been explored as active materials in light-emitting diodes. 35,67,102 There are reports showing the tunability of the emission wavelengths by doping metal cations in these materials. For instance, doping Mn 2+ in Cs 2 AgInCl 6 and Cs 2 LiBiCl 6 resulted in materials with red and orange light emission, respectively.…”

“…[113][114][115][116] For instance, the hydrogen generation rate of the NiCoP/Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 composite was reported to be as high as 373.16 mmol g À1 h À1 , which outperformed that of bulk Cs 2 Ag-BiBr 6 . 113 Reduced graphene oxide is another potential candidate for combination with Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 as a photocatalyst for the generation of hydrogen with a reaction rate of up to 35,117,118 The calculated total magnetic moments of Cs 2 KCoCl 6 and Cs 2 KNiCl 6 were 4m B and 1m B , respectively, while these double perovskites exhibited 100% spin polarization at the Fermi level. 117 Similarly, the Cs 2 NaMCl 6 (M = Ti and V) double perovskites could achieve 100% spin polarization and a high figure of merit, indicating that the corresponding perovskites can be applied in spintronic and thermoelectric technologies.…”

“…They can be prepared by balancing different thermodynamic processes, such as crystal growth, homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation. 35,125 For instance, the minimum critical concentration should be rapidly increased in the nucleation-dominated process for the synthesis of nanocrystals. In contrast, the concentration should be maintained between solubility and minimum critical concentration through a growth-dominated process to synthesize single crystals.…”

“…19,[32][33][34] The three-dimensional cubic structure of these LFAIHDPs is similar to that of Pb-based compounds. 35,36 Also, different monovalent cations have been tested to tune their optoelectronic properties. In addition, LFAIHDPs with the chemical formula of Cs 4 M(II)M(III) 2 X 12 [M(II) = Ca 2+ , Cu 2+ , etc.…”