“…[1][2][3][4] Compared with other secondary batteries such as lead-acid batteries and nickelcadmium batteries, LIBs have occupied a large energy market share owing to their overwhelming merits including pronounced energy density, low self-discharge rate, no memory effect, substantial rate performance, stable cyclability, and environmental benignity. 5,6 As a pioneering technology, commercial LIBs are composed of four parts including cathodes (i.e., layered, spinel, and olivine materials), 7,8 anodes (i.e., graphite), 9 separators (i.e., polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefin), 10 and electrolytes (i.e., LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 ). 11 Among these components, cathode materials not only participate in electrochemical reactions but also serve as "Li + donors".…”