Recent Progress in Transient Energy Storage using Biodegradable Materials

Abstract

With the development of wireless sensor networks, electrical waste that remains in the environment is an inevitable issue in achieving sustainability and progress in electronics. Transient electronics that disappear after a prescribed time are of interest in electronics and material sciences. Such devices comprise naturally sourced materials that degrade without harmful or toxic substances during biodegradation. Although there are reports on transient electronic devices, including transistors, sensors, and radio frequency circuits, insufficient research has been conducted on the energy storage essential for operating transient devices. This review highlights the recent progress in developing transient energy storage. First, materials for transient energy storage, including conductors, electrolytes, and gels, are introduced. Second, transient supercapacitors, pseudocapacitors, primary batteries, and secondary batteries, are described and summarized. Finally, this review concludes and discusses the prospect of transient energy storage. The continuous progress of transient batteries and integration with transient devices are promising for sustainable electronics in the future.

Biodegradable Mg–Mo2C MXene Air Batteries for Transient Energy Storage

“…[Ch]­[Lac] was dispersed in poly­(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to prepare the IG. MXenes are an emerging class of two-dimensional materials and exploited for energy storage devices due to their high electrical conductivity, , large surface areas, , and inhibition of the dendrite growth at anodes. , Furthermore, Mo 2 C exhibited slow HER kinetics in alkaline solutions due to its energy barriers, as shown in Figure b . Because of these energy barriers, Mg–Mo 2 C batteries suppressed the HER and exhibited a dominant ORR in the cell, which increased the potential difference between the anode and cathode and exhibited an ideal operating voltage of 2.5 V, as shown in Figure c.…”

“… 34 [Ch][Lac] was dispersed in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to prepare the IG. MXenes are an emerging class of two-dimensional materials and exploited for energy storage devices due to their high electrical conductivity, 35 , 36 large surface areas, 37 , 38 and inhibition of the dendrite growth at anodes. 39 , 40 Furthermore, Mo 2 C exhibited slow HER kinetics in alkaline solutions due to its energy barriers, as shown in Figure 1 b.…”