Recent progress in theranostic microbubbles

Drug Delivery Angle for Various Atherosclerosis and Aneurysm Percentages of the Carotid Artery

“…This field is increasingly growing and requires interdisciplinary studies to provide opportunities for the design and development of multifunctional devices capable of targeting, diagnosing, and treating of devastating diseases such as cancer, heart attack, and stroke due to vascular atherosclerosis or aneurysm . Numerous nanometric structures have been investigated and developed for drug delivery applications, among which metallic nanoparticles especially magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), nanoliposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, , solid lipid nanoparticles, microbubbles, dendrimers, fullerenes and nanotubes, exosomes, , metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), , and magnetic framework composites (MFCs) can be mentioned. These micro- and nanoparticles deliver the drug to the target site through various methods.…”

Polymerized Network-Based Artificial Peroxisome Reprogramming Macrophages for Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…Natural peroxisomes are common organelles in various cells, of which typical enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), can modulate ROS levels and the inflammatory microenvironment. − However, difficulty in extraction and poor stability of natural peroxisomes will force greater attention on artificial peroxisomes (AP) with enzyme-mimetic catalytic activity, − which is of great potential in fabricating protocell systems for scavenging ROS, reprogramming macrophages, and treating inflammatory diseases such as RA. , Inspired by the Cu catalytic active centers of natural SOD, , a series of Cu-coordinated monomeric porphyrin or phthalocyanine-based enzyme-mimetic catalysts with a Cu–N structure were designed and prepared for treating inflammatory diseases. − However, most of these non-network Cu-based enzyme-mimetic catalysts will be up against low delocalization effects of electrons, low densities of metal active centers, and low physicochemical stability. , Thus, endowing macrocyclic conjugated polymerized network structure to Cu-based enzyme-mimetic catalysts for AP represents the next-generation direction of efforts. In addition, in terms of the targeting design of AP, poly­(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and liposome-based shells are more complex and inefficient, and cell and tissue bioavailability are also not satisfied. , Meanwhile, a homologous macrophage membrane (MCM) cloaking strategy can composite a potential AP with excellent recruitment and immune evasion abilities. − Except for endogenous recruitment, exogenous ultrasound (US)-targeted microbubble (MB) destruction (UTMD) can further enhance the targeted aggregation of AP through the cavitation effect, increasing the permeability of the cell membrane in the joint lesion. − …”