“…7,8 Structurally well-characterized native proteins, such as those analyzed by X-ray crystallography, 9–11 NMR spectroscopy, 12,13 or cryo-EM, 14–16 are suitable for use as recognition modules when conjugated to AFP by means of a structure-based design. 5–8,17–21 However, information on the structural change in the recognition module for a target of interest is not always available. AFP-based biosensors can also be constructed by conjugating protein domains without structural information, making it difficult to optimize biosensors.…”