Recent Progress in Redox Flow Battery Research and Development

Wang, Wei; Luo, Qingtao; Li, Bin; Wei, Xiaoliang; Li-yu, LI; Yang, Zhenguo

doi:10.1002/adfm.201200694

Cited by 1,302 publications

(922 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Owing to the exclusive advantage of decoupling power generation and energy storage, redox flow batteries (RFBs) have been considered as a critical candidate for large-scale electrical energy storage (EES). [1][2][3][4] Unlike the electrodes of conventional secondary batteries, the electrodes of RFBs do not participate in reactions but only provide electrochemical reaction sites for active ions and support electrons transfer. For numerous kinds of developed RFBs, the porous carbon felts, composed of randomly interlaced carbon fibers, are generally selected as electrodes.…”

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The Dependence of Mass Transfer Coefficient on the Electrolyte Velocity in Carbon Felt Electrodes: Determination and Validation

You

Cheng

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In a flow battery, the salient impact of the electrolyte velocity on the mass transfer coefficient in carbon felt electrodes is demonstrated and quantified. A lab-scale flow battery, fed with identical electrolyte solutions containing Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ as active substances in both the anode and the cathode, is used to realize stable tests free from side reactions in a broad range of current densities. The electrolyte velocities ranging from 2.5 to 15 mm s −1 are selected in this work, which are typical in flow through electrodes in most flow batteries. By measuring limiting currents at various flow rates, a correlation between the mass transfer coefficient and the velocity in dimensionless form is obtained as Sh = 1.68 Re 0.9 . Meanwhile, a 2-D numerical model incorporating this correlation and the experimentally measured electrolyte conductivity is proposed. Voltage losses of the battery fed with adequate reactants at different velocities are both experimentally measured and numerically simulated. The agreement between simulated results and experimental data verifies the applicability of this correlation under normal operating conditions below limiting currents. Owing to the exclusive advantage of decoupling power generation and energy storage, redox flow batteries (RFBs) have been considered as a critical candidate for large-scale electrical energy storage (EES). [1][2][3][4] Unlike the electrodes of conventional secondary batteries, the electrodes of RFBs do not participate in reactions but only provide electrochemical reaction sites for active ions and support electrons transfer. For numerous kinds of developed RFBs, the porous carbon felts, composed of randomly interlaced carbon fibers, are generally selected as electrodes. [5][6][7] Obtaining high voltage efficiency at high current densities is one of the major challenges in the commercialization of RFBs. Much efforts have been devoted to diminishing the activation loss by modifying the carbon fiber surface. [8][9][10][11][12] In addition, ohmic loss and mass transfer loss also lead to the reduction of the voltage efficiency. It is generally recognized that supplying high flow rate of electrolyte for the RFB is the most feasible method to minimizing mass transfer loss, but more pumping power is inevitably required for increasing flow rates. Tang et al. 6 and Ma et al. 7 carried out special research on optimizing the operating strategy of electrolyte flow rate for kilowatts class allvanadium flow battery (VRFB) systems, in which the significant impact of flow rate on cell voltage was detected during the whole charge/discharge process. In a carbon felt electrode, the mass transfer loss is caused by the species transport between the bulk solution in the pore and the carbon fiber surface, which is usually quantified by the mass transfer coefficient k m . 13 For cells operating under high current densities, the mass transfer loss also contributes a significant proportion to the voltage loss, especially when approaching the end of charge/discharge process. Considerin...

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The Dependence of Mass Transfer Coefficient on the Electrolyte Velocity in Carbon Felt Electrodes: Determination and Validation

You

Cheng

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising technologies for large-scale electricity storage, owing to its design flexibility in decoupling power and energy capacity [7][8][9][10] . However, the RFBs have been suffering from low energy density and low volumetric capacity, which significantly decreases its competitiveness for both stationary and transportation applications [11][12][13][14] .…”

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Sulphur-impregnated flow cathode to enable high-energy-density lithium flow batteries

et al. 2015

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Redox flow batteries are promising technologies for large-scale electricity storage, but have been suffering from low energy density and low volumetric capacity. Here we report a flow cathode that exploits highly concentrated sulphur-impregnated carbon composite, to achieve a catholyte volumetric capacity 294 Ah l À 1 with long cycle life (4100 cycles), high columbic efficiency (490%, 100 cycles) and high energy efficiency (480%, 100 cycles). The demonstrated catholyte volumetric capacity is five times higher than the all-vanadium flow batteries (60 Ah l À 1 ) and 3-6 times higher than the demonstrated lithium-polysulphide approaches (50-117 Ah l À 1 ). Pseudo-in situ impedance and microscopy characterizations reveal superior electrochemical and morphological reversibility of the sulphur redox reactions. Our approach of exploiting sulphur-impregnated carbon composite in the flow cathode creates effective interfaces between the insulating sulphur and conductive carbon-percolating network and offers a promising direction to develop high-energy-density flow batteries.

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“…7 The main functions of bipolar plates are connection of each cell, conduction of current from cell to cell, and prevention of electrolyte leakage. 8 Thus, the bipolar plates should be highly conductive and chemically stable in acidic environment inside the RFB.…”

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Corrosion Prevention of Chromium Nitride Coating with an Application to Bipolar Plate Materials

et al. 2014

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The corrosion properties of chromium nitride (CrN) coating on nickel have been evaluated in order to improve the anti-corrosion of metallic bipolar plate materials with applications such as redox flow batteries. The CrN layers are prepared by nitridation of electroplated Cr layers with different thickness. The nitrogen content of CrN coating layers varies from 0.5 to 4.2 wt% depending on nitriding time and coating layer thickness. Electrochemical and chemical corrosion behaviors are investigated by potentiodynamic polarization test in 5% sulfuric acid and by immersion test in 50% sulfuric acid, respectively. Electrochemical analysis of corrosion potential and corrosion current density as well as passivation behavior and chemical corrosion rate prove conclusively that an intact thin CrN layer is more corrosion resistant than thicker layers where cracks are developed. Sheet resistance of CrN coating layers before and after the corrosion test exhibits no significant difference. The improved corrosion resistance and the excellent stability of CrN coating layers suggest an efficient anti-corrosion method for metallic bipolar plate materials.

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Recent Progress in Redox Flow Battery Research and Development

Cited by 1,302 publications

References 88 publications

The Dependence of Mass Transfer Coefficient on the Electrolyte Velocity in Carbon Felt Electrodes: Determination and Validation

The Dependence of Mass Transfer Coefficient on the Electrolyte Velocity in Carbon Felt Electrodes: Determination and Validation

Sulphur-impregnated flow cathode to enable high-energy-density lithium flow batteries

Corrosion Prevention of Chromium Nitride Coating with an Application to Bipolar Plate Materials

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