Recent progress in rare-earth metal-catalyzed sp² and sp³ C–H functionalization to construct C–C and C–heteroelement bonds

Abstract

The C–H functionalization is a fundamentally important organic transformation to access C–C and C–heteroatom bonds in a common and/or complex molecular set-up during the preparation of small molecule bio-active scaffolds,...

Advancement in the C–H bond alkylation of (hetero)arenes catalyzed by the most abundant transition metal–iron

“…bond-forming reactions were explored through noble as well as non-noble transition metal catalysis. 12 Amongst various C-C bond-forming processes, the direct C-H bond alkylation leading to alkylated arenes and heteroarenes represents a versatile reaction as the alkylated compounds are widely employed in pharmaceuticals, perfumery, and functional materials. Moreover, the intrinsic lipophilic nature of alkyl-unit imparts desired characteristics to drugs and agrochemicals.…”

“…bond-forming reactions were explored through noble as well as non-noble transition metal catalysis. 12…”

Catalytic alkane C–H functionalization by carbene insertion into unactivated C(sp3)–H bonds

“…3 As such, the selective C-H functionalization of alkanes is in high demand yet remains a formidable challenge for modern organic synthesis. The established strategies for selective C-H functionalization of alkanes are limited and fall into three categories: (i) metalcatalyzed C-H activation by actually inserting itself between carbon and hydrogen, [4][5][6] (ii) outer-sphere processes involving hydrogen atom transfer 7,8 or radical processes, [9][10][11][12][13] and (iii) metallocarbene C(sp 3 )-H insertion reactions. [14][15][16] Among these, C-H activation by metal-carbene-induced C-H insertion has received widespread attention and could achieve high siteand enantioselectivity without the need for a directing group or an external oxidant.…”

Unleashing the potentiality of metals: synergistic catalysis with light and electricity

“…12 Nonetheless, in recent years, rare earth (RE) metal-based catalysts have also made advancements in multifunctional C–H functionalization reactions. 13 Cerium (Ce) is the most abundant element among rare earth metals. Industrially, cerium is primarily used in fluorescent materials and industrial exhaust gas treatment.…”