Recent progress in polar stationary phases for CEC

Abstract

This review summarizes most of the recent developments in the preparation and application of polar stationary phases for CEC covering the literature published since the year 2004. These polar stationary phases have been adopted for separation of analytes by the modes of packing column CEC, open-tubular CEC (o-CEC) and monolithic column CEC. Currently, development of o-CEC using biomolecules, such as protein and DNA, as the immobilized ligands is highlighted partly due to the simplicity of preparation. Furthermore, monolithic columns have been extended quickly, particularly inorganic materials-based monoliths, such as silica, zirconia, hafnium, etc., as an alternative to packed columns have been developed quickly.

Capillary electrophoresis of proteins 2005–2007

“…Several reviews have been devoted to CEC of proteins and other biologically important compounds [76,77], particularly to recent progress in polar stationary phases [78], liposomes as stationary phase [79], and biospecific interaction CEC [80].…”

Multi‐walled carbon nanotube composites with polyacrylate prepared for open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography

“…When considering a novel stationary phase for some specific application, a proper method of coating the phase onto the column should also be taken into account to ensure that the phase design is practical. Among the column formats, the open-tubular (OT) style is comparatively straightforward; it does not require the fabrication of any frits to retain particulate packing or the precise blending of monomeric reagents with suitable porogens, as is required for monoliths [1,2]. However, OT-CEC suffers from a low-phase ratio of available functional ligands attached to the capillary wall.…”

Sulfoalkylbetaine‐based monolithic column with mixed‐mode of hydrophilic interaction and strong anion‐exchange stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography

“…Hydrophilic interaction CEC (HI-CEC) based on polar stationary phases (PSPs) has attracted increasing attention [1,2]. Rather than the non-PSPs, the PSPs as the complementary stationary phases are also playing the irreplaceable role for the separation of highly polar compounds that showed limited extent of retention in the RP mode [1][2][3][4][5].…”

“…Rather than the non-PSPs, the PSPs as the complementary stationary phases are also playing the irreplaceable role for the separation of highly polar compounds that showed limited extent of retention in the RP mode [1][2][3][4][5]. In recent years, many kinds of polar monolithic columns have been developed for CEC based on the separation mechanisms of hydrophilic interaction (HI) [6][7][8], chiral separation [9] and mixed modes, including mixed mode of HI/cation exchange [5,7,[10][11][12][13][14] and HI/ anion exchange [15][16][17].…”