Recent Progress in Improving Rate Performance of Cellulose-Derived Carbon Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Cellulose-derived carbon is regarded as one of the most promising candidates for high-performance anode materials in sodium-ion batteries; however, its poor rate performance at higher current density remains a challenge to achieve high power density sodium-ion batteries. The present review comprehensively elucidates the structural characteristics of cellulose-based materials and cellulose-derived carbon materials, explores the limitations in enhancing rate performance arising from ion diffusion and electronic transfer at the level of cellulose-derived carbon materials, and proposes corresponding strategies to improve rate performance targeted at various precursors of cellulose-based materials. This review also presents an update on recent progress in cellulose-based materials and cellulose-derived carbon materials, with particular focuses on their molecular, crystalline, and aggregation structures. Furthermore, the relationship between storage sodium and rate performance the carbon materials is elucidated through theoretical calculations and characterization analyses. Finally, future perspectives regarding challenges and opportunities in the research field of cellulose-derived carbon anodes are briefly highlighted.

MoS2, WS2, and MoWS2 Flakes as Reversible Host Materials for Sodium-Ion and Potassium-Ion Batteries

“…Consequently, increased research has focused on other alkali-metal-ion-based batteries, such as sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (KIBs), because sodium and potassium have more uniform, abundant distribution in the Earth crust compared to a mere 0.0017 wt % , of lithium. Recent studies have suggested several potential cathode materials and low-cost electrolyte salts for NIBs and KIBs that are analogous to those in use for commercial LIBs. − However, a suitable anode has yet to be found because Na/graphite and K/graphite compounds may not be thermodynamically stable. − Other studies have concluded that the larger radius of the Na-ion (1.02 Å) and K-ion (1.38 Å) compared to that of the Li-ion (0.76 Å) could be the reason for low capacity and poor cycling stability for NIBs and KIBs when graphite is used as the anode. − Although recent findings involving other forms of carbon, such as carbon black, microcrystalline structured carbon, and cellulose-derived carbon as electrodes or protective layers for electrodes and those involving the use of emerging polymer , or ionic liquid electrolytes, − have yielded promising results in NIBs and KIBs, − the search for a commercially viable electrode architecture is far from over.…”

“… 8 − 11 Other studies have concluded that the larger radius of the Na-ion (1.02 Å) and K-ion (1.38 Å) compared to that of the Li-ion (0.76 Å) could be the reason for low capacity and poor cycling stability for NIBs and KIBs when graphite is used as the anode. 10 − 13 Although recent findings involving other forms of carbon, such as carbon black, 14 microcrystalline structured carbon, 15 and cellulose-derived carbon 16 as electrodes or protective layers for electrodes and those involving the use of emerging polymer 17 , 18 or ionic liquid electrolytes, 19 − 22 have yielded promising results in NIBs and KIBs, 23 − 25 the search for a commercially viable electrode architecture is far from over.…”