Formic acid (FA) dehydrogenation is an attractive process
in the
implementation of a hydrogen economy. To make this process greener
and less costly, the interest nowadays is moving toward non-noble
metal catalysts and additive-free protocols. Efficient protocols using
earth abundant first row transition metals, mostly iron, have been
developed, but other metals, such as molybdenum, remain practically
unexplored. Herein, we present the transformation of FA to form H2 and CO2 through a cluster catalysis mechanism
mediated by a cuboidal [Mo3S4H3(dmpe)3]+ hydride cluster in the absence of base or any
other additive. Our catalyst has proved to be more active and selective
than the other molybdenum compounds reported to date for this purpose.
Kinetic studies, reaction monitoring, and isolation of the [Mo3S4(OCHO)3(dmpe)3]+ formate reaction intermediate, in combination with DFT calculations,
have allowed us to formulate an unambiguous mechanism of FA dehydrogenation.
Kinetic studies indicate that the reaction at temperatures up to 60
°C ends at the triformate complex and occurs in a single kinetic
step, which can be interpreted in terms of statistical kinetics at
the three metal centers. The process starts with the formation of
a dihydrogen-bonded species with Mo–H···HOOCH
bonds, detected by NMR techniques, followed by hydrogen release and
formate coordination. Whereas this process is favored at temperatures
up to 60 °C, the subsequent β-hydride elimination that
allows for the CO2 release and closes the catalytic cycle
is only completed at higher temperatures. The cycle also operates
starting from the [Mo3S4(OCHO)3(dmpe)3]+ formate intermediate, again with preservation
of the cluster integrity, which adds our proposal to the list of the
infrequent cluster catalysis reaction mechanisms.