Recent progress in friction stir welding tools used for steels

Cui, Lei; Zhang, Chao; Liu, Yongchang; Liu, Xiuguo; Wang, Dongpo; Li, Huijun

doi:10.1007/s42243-018-0066-7

Cited by 23 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Several joints were produced, with the sound and consolidated final FSW joints being used, as described previously [16]. For high-temperature materials, an untilted tool is normally used, because the main heat contribution is due to friction provided by the shoulder, although there is also a contribution of the pin, so increased contact of the shoulder (flat position or untilted) is often preferred [8,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Cui et al [8], among other studies, demonstrated that an untilted tool is preferable when convex shoulder tools are used.…”

Section: Welding Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Use of the friction stir welding (FSW) technique has been shown to be able to reduce some of the problems related to fusion of the material, because this process enables the joining of materials below their fusion temperatures [6]. The technique involves a forging action of the shoulder, which is responsible for most of the frictional heat produced in the friction stir weld, while the pin produces plastic deformation and controls the penetration of the weld [7][8][9]. Due to the high degree of deformation at elevated temperature, microstructural restoration mechanisms are present, such as dynamic recovery (DRV) and recrystallization (DRX) in ferrite-austenite biphasic microstructures [6,[10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Corrosion Evaluation of Duplex and Superduplex Stainless Steel Friction Stir Welds Using Potentiodynamic Measurements and Immersion Tests in Chloride Environments

Cruz

Marques

Filho

et al. 2018

Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal.

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Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels submitted to friction stir welding show good mechanical properties, although there are concerns regarding their application in marine environments, related to their corrosion performance. Friction stir welds of UNS S32101, S32205, S32750, and S32760 steels were successfully produced at 200 rpm and 100 mm/min. The corrosion resistance of the FSW joint was evaluated by application of the ASTM A923 standard method, cyclic polarization measurements, and determination of weight loss during the FeCl 3 immersion test. The sodium hydroxide etch test was used to evaluate the presence of intermetallic phases. Cyclic polarization measurements of the S32205, S32750, and S32760 base metals showed good corrosion resistance, while poorer corrosion resistance was observed for S32101. Cyclic polarization tests at the friction stir welds indicated that for S32205 and S32750, the corrosion resistance was higher, compared to the respective base metals. The S32760 and S32101 welded joints showed lower noble potential and higher corrosion current density, compared to the base metals. NaOH etching indicated affected areas at the ferrite-ferrite grain boundaries for the S32760 FSW joint, which also showed a large loss of mass in ferric chloride solution, associated with the presence of deleterious intermetallic phases.

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Section: Welding Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion Evaluation of Duplex and Superduplex Stainless Steel Friction Stir Welds Using Potentiodynamic Measurements and Immersion Tests in Chloride Environments

Cruz

Marques

Filho

et al. 2018

Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal.

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“…The tool's position, CAD modeling, and physical assumptions were based on multiple works (SONG; KOVACEVIC, 2003;HATTEL, 2005). A flat shoulder with 0 • C tilt angle was used in order to provide maximum temperature during the welding process (SIMAR et al, 2006;CUI et al, 2018). The tool's dimensions were incorporated according to its real size in the experimental setup.…”

Section: Computational Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Different Numerical Approaches for FSW Welds of Api 5l - X80 Steel

2020

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This contribution offers a study for two numerical approaches of FSW joints for the API 5L-X80 steel. The first one, a pure thermal model, takes into consideration the preponderant frictional force of the tool being in contact with the workpiece. The second model is a computational fluid dynamic approach, which involves determining experimental values for physical constants and observing its influence in viscous dissipation and strain rates of the material. Temperature and thermal history from the FSW processing were recorded and analyzed. The acquired data was provided from two different heat input conditions. In cases of previewing tool or workpiece local temperature, the pure thermal model is a sufficient suitable approach. Conversely, the CFD model frequently requires huge amounts of information, regarding physical constants and experimental variables, becoming a delicate task for its construction. The pure thermal model was able to offer unequivocal temperature results without the need for large experimental data acquisition. This approach was considered to be finer employed when one aims to forecast temperatures in regions proximate to the welding line. The natural complexity associated with FSW processing suggests there are enormous quantities of experimental factors to be considered for the numerical modeling of high-temperature materials. Also, the CFD approach offers distinct results, which might be crucial for understanding the full aspects of experimental variables. A coupled numerical approach with both models is suggested to fully represent the thermophysical aspects of FSW processing.

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“…However, the microstructural evolution of SZ during FSW is very complex, and it is still very hard to estimate and control the M-A constituents precisely by controlling the welding parameters. It is mainly because the heat generation and welding thermal cycle depend not only on the welding parameters [17], but also the interface frictional conditions, hot plastic deformation, heat transfer, etc., during the welding process [18,19]. It is worth noting that FSW is a mechanically metallurgical process, and the above key points may be highly responded by the variation of welding forces generated due to the interactions of the tool and the workpiece [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of M–A Constituents and Impact Toughness in Stir Zone of X80 Pipeline Steel Friction Stir Welds

Wang

et al. 2022

Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.)

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This study explored a strategy for predicting the proportion of martensite-austenite (M-A) constituents and impact toughness of stir zone (SZ) on X80 pipeline steel joints welded by friction stir welding (FSW). It is found that the welding forces, including the traverse force (F x ), the lateral force (F y ) and the plunge force (F z ), are the key variables related to the change of welding parameters and influence remarkably the characteristics of M-A constituents and impact toughness of SZ. The impact toughness of SZ is commonly lower than that of the base material due to the formation of lath bainite and coarsening of austenite. The characteristics of M-A constituents in SZ are sensitive to the variation of welding parameters and respond well to the change of welding forces. The proportion of small island M-A constituents increases with the decrease in rotational speed and the increase in F z . The increase in the amount of island M-A constituents is beneficial to improve the impact toughness of SZ. Based on the above findings, a machine learning (ML) model for predicting the M-A constituents and impact toughness is constructed using the force features as the input data set. The force data-driven ML model can predict the M-A constituents and impact toughness precisely and exhibits higher accuracy than ML built with welding parameters. It is believed that the high accuracy is achieved because the force features include more details of FSW process, such as the heat generation, material flow, plastic deformation, and so on, which govern the microstructural evolution of SZ during FSW.

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Recent progress in friction stir welding tools used for steels

Cited by 23 publications

References 60 publications

Corrosion Evaluation of Duplex and Superduplex Stainless Steel Friction Stir Welds Using Potentiodynamic Measurements and Immersion Tests in Chloride Environments

Corrosion Evaluation of Duplex and Superduplex Stainless Steel Friction Stir Welds Using Potentiodynamic Measurements and Immersion Tests in Chloride Environments

A Comparison of Different Numerical Approaches for FSW Welds of Api 5l - X80 Steel

Prediction of M–A Constituents and Impact Toughness in Stir Zone of X80 Pipeline Steel Friction Stir Welds

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