Abstract:Bioinspired materials have attracted attention in a wide range of fields. Among these materials, a polymer family containing 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), which has a zwitterionic phosphorylcholine headgroup inspired by the...
“…Nanofluidics is the study and application of fluids confined within nanostructures. [20][21][22][23][24]41 With the advancement of nanofab-rication over the past two decades, [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]34,35 nanostructures with various nanofluidic geometries such as nanopipettes, nanotubes, nanopores, and nanochannels have been fabricated, resulting in diverse abilities and great potential for a variety of applications. In particular, the use of these nanofluidic geometries allows the precise handling of fluid samples with ultrasmall volumes ranging from picoliter to zeptoliter (10 −21 L, zl) order.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Toward this trend, a few attempts have been made recently, partially due to the previously accumulated experience in the development of mass spectrometry coupling with microfluidics, [36][37][38][39][40] which is a widely successful congener of nanofluidics. 5,7,17,27,[41][42][43][44] Hereafter, integrating nanofluidics into mass spectrometry would provide opportunities to build a new system for the analysis of complicated samples with ultrasmall volumes and high heterogeneities (Figure 2). Integration of nanofluidics will enhance the application and potential of mass spectrometry and pave the way toward advanced analyse, such as single vesicle analysis, single organelle analysis.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Toward this trend, a few attempts have been made recently, partially due to the previously accumulated experience in the development of mass spectrometry coupling with microfluidics, 36‐40 which is a widely successful congener of nanofluidics 5,7,17,27,41‐44 . Hereafter, integrating nanofluidics into mass spectrometry would provide opportunities to build a new system for the analysis of complicated samples with ultrasmall volumes and high heterogeneities (Figure 2).…”
Exploring unknown matter in an ultrasmall volume object, such as unknown subcellular matter in a single cell, requires an analytical technique that identifies unknown matter in terms of molecular structures and properties. Mass spectrometry is considered one of the best techniques for such analyses because it can identify unknown matter according to its mass‐to‐charge ratio. However, the use of mass spectrometry to identify unknown substances in such a small world has been greatly impeded due to the lack of tools to sample complex and heterogeneous analytes with ultrasmall volumes of the picoliter order, which is the volume order of a mammalian cell. We believe that nanofluidics would be an ideal tool to resolve this critical issue owing to its ability to sample such fluid samples with ultrasmall volumes ranging from the picoliter to zeptoliter order. Thus, the integration of such nanofluidic features into mass spectrometers would open up future avenues for the potential of mass spectrometry to explore unknown subcellular matter at a nano scale. In this perspective, we first discuss the applicability of microfluidics/nanofluidics to mass spectrometry, then address critical issues toward nanofluidics‐based mass spectrometry, and finally depict a personal outlook on the future of this field to resolve challenges on global and universal scales.
“…Nanofluidics is the study and application of fluids confined within nanostructures. [20][21][22][23][24]41 With the advancement of nanofab-rication over the past two decades, [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]34,35 nanostructures with various nanofluidic geometries such as nanopipettes, nanotubes, nanopores, and nanochannels have been fabricated, resulting in diverse abilities and great potential for a variety of applications. In particular, the use of these nanofluidic geometries allows the precise handling of fluid samples with ultrasmall volumes ranging from picoliter to zeptoliter (10 −21 L, zl) order.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Toward this trend, a few attempts have been made recently, partially due to the previously accumulated experience in the development of mass spectrometry coupling with microfluidics, [36][37][38][39][40] which is a widely successful congener of nanofluidics. 5,7,17,27,[41][42][43][44] Hereafter, integrating nanofluidics into mass spectrometry would provide opportunities to build a new system for the analysis of complicated samples with ultrasmall volumes and high heterogeneities (Figure 2). Integration of nanofluidics will enhance the application and potential of mass spectrometry and pave the way toward advanced analyse, such as single vesicle analysis, single organelle analysis.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Toward this trend, a few attempts have been made recently, partially due to the previously accumulated experience in the development of mass spectrometry coupling with microfluidics, 36‐40 which is a widely successful congener of nanofluidics 5,7,17,27,41‐44 . Hereafter, integrating nanofluidics into mass spectrometry would provide opportunities to build a new system for the analysis of complicated samples with ultrasmall volumes and high heterogeneities (Figure 2).…”
Exploring unknown matter in an ultrasmall volume object, such as unknown subcellular matter in a single cell, requires an analytical technique that identifies unknown matter in terms of molecular structures and properties. Mass spectrometry is considered one of the best techniques for such analyses because it can identify unknown matter according to its mass‐to‐charge ratio. However, the use of mass spectrometry to identify unknown substances in such a small world has been greatly impeded due to the lack of tools to sample complex and heterogeneous analytes with ultrasmall volumes of the picoliter order, which is the volume order of a mammalian cell. We believe that nanofluidics would be an ideal tool to resolve this critical issue owing to its ability to sample such fluid samples with ultrasmall volumes ranging from the picoliter to zeptoliter order. Thus, the integration of such nanofluidic features into mass spectrometers would open up future avenues for the potential of mass spectrometry to explore unknown subcellular matter at a nano scale. In this perspective, we first discuss the applicability of microfluidics/nanofluidics to mass spectrometry, then address critical issues toward nanofluidics‐based mass spectrometry, and finally depict a personal outlook on the future of this field to resolve challenges on global and universal scales.
“…The applications related to antifouling surfaces or tailored cell adhesion include zwitterionic surface modification [ 2 , 4 , 5 ]. Among the zwitterionic polymers, the highly hydrophilic and low toxic 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer has been used for intravascular stents, artificial hearts, contact lenses, oxygenators, breast implants, and hip acetabular liners [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Besides its hydrophilicity, MPC can provide electrically neutral surfaces with great potential to exhibit long-term anti-biofouling properties-suppressed protein, cells and bacterial adhesion, due to the hydration layer formed on the coated surface as a result of the phosphorylcholine groups present in MPC structure [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Among the zwitterionic polymers, the highly hydrophilic and low toxic 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer has been used for intravascular stents, artificial hearts, contact lenses, oxygenators, breast implants, and hip acetabular liners [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Besides its hydrophilicity, MPC can provide electrically neutral surfaces with great potential to exhibit long-term anti-biofouling properties-suppressed protein, cells and bacterial adhesion, due to the hydration layer formed on the coated surface as a result of the phosphorylcholine groups present in MPC structure [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Moreover, a significant advantage is given by the ability of phosphorylcholine to induce bulk-like behaviour in the surrounding liquid environment and also to enhance the lubricant property of the material, improving its performance [ 12 ].…”
Nowadays, using polymers with specific characteristics to coat the surface of a device to prevent undesired biological responses can represent an optimal strategy for developing new and more efficient implants for biomedical applications. Among them, zwitterionic phosphorylcholine-based polymers are of interest due to their properties to resist cell and bacterial adhesion. In this work, the Matrix-Assisted Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) technique was investigated as a new approach for functionalising Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces with zwitterionic poly(2-Methacryloyloxyethyl-Phosphorylcholine) (pMPC) polymer. Evaluation of the physical–chemical properties of the new coatings revealed that the technique proposed has the advantage of achieving uniform and homogeneous stable moderate hydrophilic pMPC thin layers onto hydrophobic PDMS without any pre-treatment, therefore avoiding the major disadvantage of hydrophobicity recovery. The capacity of modified PDMS surfaces to reduce bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation was tested for Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli). Cell adhesion, proliferation and morphology of human THP-1 differentiated macrophages and human normal CCD-1070Sk fibroblasts on the different surfaces were also assessed. Biological in vitro investigation revealed a significantly reduced adherence on PDMS–pMPC of both E. coli (from 29 × 10 6 to 3 × 102 CFU/mL) and S. aureus (from 29 × 106 to 3 × 102 CFU/mL) bacterial strains. Additionally, coated surfaces induced a significant inhibition of biofilm formation, an effect observed mainly for E. coli. Moreover, the pMPC coatings improved the capacity of PDMS to reduce the adhesion and proliferation of human macrophages by 50% and of human fibroblast by 40% compared to unmodified scaffold, circumventing undesired cell responses such as inflammation and fibrosis. All these highlighted the potential for the new PDMS–pMPC interfaces obtained by MAPLE to be used in the biomedical field to design new PDMS-based implants exhibiting long-term hydrophilic profile stability and better mitigating foreign body response and microbial infection.
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