Recent Modifications of Zirconia in Dentistry

Abstract

In restorative dentistry, there are basically two requirements aspired to be fulfilled by the material of choice to be the main constituent of the restorations, those include superior mechanical characteristics and outstanding esthetic properties. Zirconia (ZrO2) attains great popularity nowadays and is considered a promising material in dental applications. The excellent tensile strength, high thermal stability, relatively low thermal conductivity, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, chemical stability, low cytotoxicity, minimal bacterial adhesion, and biocompatibility properties of zirconia adding to them its tooth-like color and esthetic appearance have promoted its introduction as a successive dental substance. It was found to be a potential alternative and favorable material in dental restorations competing with many of the previously known and employed ceramics and metals, such as titanium. Despite the excellent properties and wide use of titanium in dental applications, it still suffers from unfavorable drawbacks. However, some problems in zirconia diminish its mechanical properties, such as phase transformation and aging, which could be overcome via the utilization of dopants within the zirconia’s structure. This chapter discussed the main stabilized zirconia types, properties, dental components, manufacturing, and treatment techniques. Further modifications on zirconia with the maintenance of both mechanical and esthetic properties are still under investigation.