“…In this scenario, conducting in-situ film composition analysis is crucial, as exposure to air and dehydration have the potential to induce alterations in composition via phase transformations. Therefore, in-situ methods, including synchrotron X-ray techniques for film composition analysis, 40,41 ASEC for dissolution kinetics, 42,43 and liquid-cell TEM for spatially resolved compositional and structural insights, 30 employed either individually or in combination, hold promise for advancing corrosion science beyond its current boundaries (Fig. 2b).…”