Recent government regulations in the United States seek to ensure the effectiveness of antibiotics by limiting their agricultural use

Abstract

The development of bacteria resistant to antibiotics is viewed as a medical health threat. Because thousands of people die every year due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria, efforts are underway to reduce antibiotic usage which in turn will reduce the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In the United States, the use of antibiotics in the production of food animals to enhance animal growth has been identified as contributing to resistance. In 2015, a veterinary feed directive was adopted by the U.S. federal government prohibiting nontherapeutic uses of antibiotics in food animals that should reduce usage. The continued usage of antibiotics by producers for preventing disease may mean the directive is insufficient to reduce nontherapeutic antibiotic administration. This may lead some consumers to seek meat products from animals raised without antibiotics. A governmentally-sponsored labeling program could encourage reduction in antibiotic usage.

Effect of biochanin A on corn grain (Zea mays) fermentation by bovine rumen amylolytic bacteria

“…). However, due to the concern of the spread of antibiotic resistance both the European Union (Wegener ) and the United States (FDA ; Centner ) have taken steps to minimize and/or eliminate the use of antibiotics in food animal production systems. Therefore, antibiotic alternatives for the treatment/prevention of rumen acidosis are of interest.…”

“…virginiamycin, monensin, lasalocid) can be employed in the treatment/ prevention of acute rumen acidosis in cattle (Nagaraja et al 1981(Nagaraja et al , 1982(Nagaraja et al , 1985Coe et al 1999). However, due to the concern of the spread of antibiotic resistance both the European Union (Wegener 2003) and the United States (FDA 2015;Centner 2016) have taken steps to minimize and/or eliminate the use of antibiotics in food animal production systems. Therefore, antibiotic alternatives for the treatment/prevention of rumen acidosis are of interest.…”

A glimpse of the future in animal nutrition science. 1. Past and future challenges

“…The generalized concern about antimicrobial use in meat production is associated with molecule residuals and antibiotic resistance development in pathogenic species that are particularly dangerous for human health. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention consider antimicrobial resistance to be one of the most serious health threats of the nation, because it causes about 700,000 deaths per year around the globe and is associated with high uncertainty and potential risks for future use (Centner, 2016). There are too many unanswered questions about antibiotic resistance, leading to controversial theories and beliefs (Williams-Nguyen et al, 2016).…”

“…Therapeutic, subtherapeutic, and nontherapeutic antibiotics are used in livestock production for disease treatment, prevention, and as growth promoters, respectively. All uses have been identified as contributors of resistance (Centner, 2016).…”

Spreading of Antibiotic Resistance with Wastewater

“…For, thousands of patients die because of resistant bacteria. All eforts are concentrated on the decrease of existing antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic usage [2].…”