Recent Employment Trends Among Black Men and Their Policy Implications

Holzer, Harry J.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0863-9_5

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Black and Hispanic emerging adults are, specifically, less likely to work for both all jobs and community jobs than their White counterparts. Low employment among Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC) is well documented (BLS, 2014; Holzer, 2021); particularly, BIPOC who have previously come in contact with the justice system are disadvantaged in securing jobs (Western, 2006). Not surprisingly, we also find that emerging adults who enrolled in school before being incarcerated are more likely to work for all jobs than his/her counterparts, which is widely reported (BLS, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A body of literature has suggested sociodemographic factors that are associated with employment, including perceived employability (Consiglio et al, 2021), mental health (Aarons-Mele, 2020; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018; Olesen et al, 2013; Tolman et al, 2009), substance use (Okechukwu et al, 2019; Wu et al, 2003), gang membership (Gilman et al, 2014), race (BLS, 2014; Holzer, 2021), and education (BLS, 2016). These sociodemographic factors need to be controlled for minimizing the impact of confounding in the association between perceived neighborhood conditions and employment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Association Between Perceptions of Neighborhood Conditions and the Employment of Emerging Adults Formerly Involved in the Juvenile Justice System

et al. 2022

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Although prior research finds that poor neighborhood conditions are negatively associated with employment, little study has focused on emerging adults who formerly had contact with the juvenile justice system and are frequently engaged in informal job markets. Using a hybrid model and three waves from panel data with formerly juvenile justice-involved emerging adults (18–24 at T1, 20–25 at T2, 20–26 at T3) collected in Philadelphia and Phoenix ( N = 947), we find an inter-individual increase in the degree of disorder within the neighborhood decreases weeks worked for community jobs (between-effect), whereas an intra-individual increase in neighborhood condition scores increases weeks worked for under-the-table jobs among emerging adults (within-effect). Some time-variant and invariant sociodemographic factors, including perceived opportunity for work, mental health, substance use, gang membership, race, and education, are significantly related to employment. Our findings reiterate justice-involved young people may have difficulty sustaining formal employment partially due to neighborhood conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association Between Perceptions of Neighborhood Conditions and the Employment of Emerging Adults Formerly Involved in the Juvenile Justice System

et al. 2022

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“…With respect to their living environment, Blacks are more likely to reside in disadvantaged neighborhoods with concentrated economic hardship, greater prevalence of pollution, and high deficiencies in healthcare resources/access (e.g., medical care) (American Lung Association 2022; Hastings and Snowden 2019; NASEM et al 2017). Compared with their White counterparts, Blacks, in particular, also tend to have fewer economic resources (e.g., income, employment opportunities) and lower educational attainment (Holzer 2021; OMHRC 2021b). Poverty is linked to health disparities (e.g., higher rates of comorbidities), which are more prevalent in resource-constrained communities (e.g., Saltzman et al 2021).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Health Disparities and Black Heterogeneity in COVID-19: A Case Study of Miami Gardens

Paat

Orezzoli

Ngan

et al. 2023

Journal of Applied Social Science

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The COVID-19 pandemic is a critical public health concern that has disproportionately affected the Black community in the United States. The purpose of this study was to examine the risk and protective factors faced by residents in the City of Miami Gardens during the COVID-19 pandemic, with emphases placed on racial health disparities and Black heterogeneity. Using convenience and snowball sampling, quantitative and qualitative data for this study were collected via an anonymous online questionnaire using QuestionPro. Survey links were distributed by e-mail invitations with assistance from city officials to the residents of this predominantly Black city in Florida ( n = 83). Descriptive statistics and relevant qualitative responses are presented. Furthermore, a machine learning (ML) approach was used to select the most critical variables that characterized the two racial groups (Black versus non-Black participants) based on four ML feature selectors. Study findings offered important and interesting insights. Specifically, despite the greater prevalence of adopting measures to protect themselves and others from COVID-19, Black participants were more susceptible to activities that increased their COVID-19 risk levels. In addition, their rate of infection, particularly among the Afro-Caribbean ethnic group, was reported to be higher, indicating the need to further investigate the underlying conditions and root causes (including vaccine hesitancy and refusal) that contribute to their greater health disparities.

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“…Economic disparities between African American and European American males have been longstanding and well-documented, including lower wages, less wealth accumulation, and substantially lower rates of upward mobility for African American men relative to European American men (e.g., Chetty et al, 2018). Historically, young African American men are more likely to be excluded from the labor market, less likely to be employed or enrolled in school (Holzer & Offner, 2006;Williams, 2008), and more likely to experience housing instability (Kushel, Gupta, Gee, & Haas, 2006;Vijayaraghavan et al, 2013) than their White or Hispanic counterparts.…”

Section: Childhood Trauma Social Instability and Father Involvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathways linking childhood trauma to rural, unmarried, African American father involvement through oxytocin receptor gene methylation.

Brown¹,

Kogan²,

Cho³

2020

Developmental Psychology

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Father involvement contributes uniquely to children's developmental outcomes. The antecedents of father involvement among unmarried, African American fathers from rural areas, however, have been largely overlooked. The present study tested a conceptual model linking retrospective reports of childhood trauma and early adulthood social instability to father involvement among unmarried, African American men living in resource-poor, rural communities in the southeastern United States. We hypothesized these factors would influence father involvement indirectly, via DNA methylation of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR). A sample of 192 fathers participated in 3 waves of data collection in early adulthood. Fathers reported on social instability at Wave 1; OXTR methylation was assessed via saliva samples at Wave 2; and measures of father involvement, retrospective childhood trauma, and quality of the fathers' relationships with their children's mothers were collected at Wave 3. Structural equation modeling indicated that childhood trauma was related directly to reduced levels of father involvement and to increased social instability. Social instability was associated with elevated levels of OXTR methylation, which in turn predicted decreased father involvement. The indirect effect from social instability to father involvement via OXTR methylation was significant. These associations did not operate through fathers' relationship with the child's mother and remained significant even accounting for associations between interparental relationship quality and father involvement. Findings suggest that OXTR methylation might be a biological mechanism linking social instability to father involvement among unmarried, African American fathers in vulnerable contexts and underscore the detrimental influence of childhood trauma on father involvement.

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Recent Employment Trends Among Black Men and Their Policy Implications

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

The Association Between Perceptions of Neighborhood Conditions and the Employment of Emerging Adults Formerly Involved in the Juvenile Justice System

The Association Between Perceptions of Neighborhood Conditions and the Employment of Emerging Adults Formerly Involved in the Juvenile Justice System

Racial Health Disparities and Black Heterogeneity in COVID-19: A Case Study of Miami Gardens

Pathways linking childhood trauma to rural, unmarried, African American father involvement through oxytocin receptor gene methylation.

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