Recent drug development and treatments for fungal infections

Roy, Madhura; Karhana, Sonali; Shamsuzzaman, Md; Khan, Mohd Ashif

doi:10.1007/s42770-023-00999-z

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…Fungal infections significantly threaten human health and agriculture [80,81]. As traditional antifungal agents face challenges of resistance and limited efficacy [82], the exploration of innovative solutions has led researchers to a promising avenue based on heterocycle-containing Mannich bases. As described, Mannich bases are structurally defined as 2-amino-ketones with central electrophilic carbon atoms and heteroatoms such as nitrogen or oxygen.…”

Section: Considerations and Future Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Antifungal Heterocycle-Containing Mannich Bases: A Comprehensive Review

Quiroga,

Coy-Barrera

2023

Organics

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Mannich bases are a class of organic compounds usually obtained by the condensation reaction between an amine, a compound with active hydrogens, and an aldehyde. They are versatile intermediates in organic synthesis, and those compounds containing this motif find applications in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and even material fields since they are widely known for their wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial properties. Thus, as part of our interest in antifungal agents, this narrative review aimed to gather information from the literature on the synthesis of various representative Mannich-base-containing compounds, particularly centered on those exhibiting antifungal properties. In this context, the compilation indicated that Mannich bases could be considered as a relevant toxophore/pharmacophore by incorporating heterocyclic moieties to be implemented for the design of new antifungal agents, given its proven efficacy against phytopathogens, other opportunistic human pathogens, and some dermatophytic fungal species, which can be further exploited as agrochemical agents or in medicinal applications to treat fungal infections. The antifungal effect exhibited by Mannich bases conjugated with oxa and/or aza-heterocycles suggests that compounds that have a heterocyclic system attached to the β-amino core are attractive alternatives oriented to the synthesis of novel and helpful antifungal agents.

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Section: Considerations and Future Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Antifungal Heterocycle-Containing Mannich Bases: A Comprehensive Review

Quiroga,

Coy-Barrera

2023

Organics

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“…Echinocandins are the newest class of antifungals and act by inhibiting β- d -glucan synthase, thereby interfering in the synthesis of the fungal cell wall; echinocandins have high efficiency in invasive infections and are recommended as initial therapy based on high-quality evidence of an association with reduced mortality from patient-level analysis of randomized trial data [ 50 , 55 , 56 ]. Itraconazole, on the other hand, has limited use due to its low bioavailability when administered orally, with a high incidence of adverse effects and drug interactions [ 57 , 58 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida albicans and Antifungal Peptides

Freitas,

Felipe

2023

Infect Dis Ther

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Candida albicans , a ubiquitous opportunistic fungal pathogen, plays a pivotal role in human health and disease. As a commensal organism, it normally resides harmlessly within the human microbiota. However, under certain conditions, C. albicans can transition into a pathogenic state, leading to various infections collectively known as candidiasis. With the increasing prevalence of immunocompromised individuals and the widespread use of invasive medical procedures, candidiasis has become a significant public health concern. The emergence of drug-resistant strains further complicates treatment options, highlighting the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Antifungal peptides (AFPs) have gained considerable attention as potential candidates for combating Candida spp. infections. These naturally occurring peptides possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, including specific efficacy against C. albicans . AFPs exhibit several advantageous properties, such as rapid killing kinetics, low propensity for resistance development, and diverse mechanisms of action, making them promising alternatives to conventional antifungal agents. In recent years, extensive research has focused on discovering and developing novel AFPs with improved efficacy and selectivity against Candida species. Advances in biotechnology and synthetic peptide design have enabled the modification and optimization of natural peptides, enhancing their stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, several challenges must be addressed before AFPs can be widely implemented in clinical practice. These include optimizing peptide stability, enhancing delivery methods, overcoming potential toxicity concerns, and conducting comprehensive preclinical and clinical studies. This commentary presents a short overview of candidemia and AFP; articles and reviews published in the last 10 years were searched on The National Library of Medicine (National Center for Biotechnology Information–NIH–PubMed). The terms used were C. albicans infections, antimicrobial peptides, antifungal peptides, antifungal peptides mechanisms of action, candidemia treatments and guidelines, synthetic peptides and their challenges, and antimicrobial peptides in clinical trials as the main ones. Older publications were cited if they brought some relevant concept or helped to bring a perspective into our narrative. Articles older than 20 years and those that appeared in PubMed but did not match our goal to bring updated information about using antifungal peptides as an alternative to C. albicans infections were not considered.

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Nanoscale fluconazole-constructed metal-organic frameworks with smart drug release for eradication of Candida biofilms in vulvovaginitis infection

Wang,

Su,

et al. 2025

Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces

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Recent drug development and treatments for fungal infections

Cited by 11 publications

References 127 publications

Synthesis of Antifungal Heterocycle-Containing Mannich Bases: A Comprehensive Review

Synthesis of Antifungal Heterocycle-Containing Mannich Bases: A Comprehensive Review

Candida albicans and Antifungal Peptides

Nanoscale fluconazole-constructed metal-organic frameworks with smart drug release for eradication of Candida biofilms in vulvovaginitis infection

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