Recent developments of supported and magnetic nanocatalysts for organic transformations: an up-to-date review

Abstract

Designing and building an ideal catalyst for organic reactions is needed to increase the efficiency, reaction conditions, and to reduce its environmental impacts. The growth of nanotechnology is realized in the production of various nano-level catalysts for different applications. The as-synthesized nanocatalysts are easily manipulated to a desired shape and size with a high surface area to volume ratio, which is their critical property of the interaction of the nanomaterials with the substrates. These days, a vast array of catalysts (nanocatalysts) such as metals, metal oxides, magnetic, and alloyed/mixed nanocatalysts are applied in organic reactions to synthesize important chemicals in industries and pharmaceutical sectors with a high yield, selectivity, and reusability via reduction/hydrogenation, oxidation, condensation, C-C coupling, cyclization, and more. Consequently, this present review highlights the application of various nanocatalysts in organic reactions by combining certain proposed reaction mechanisms that have shown the impact of nanoparticles on the reactions. The factors influencing nanocatalyst performances are also discussed. Finally, the conclusion and future prospects are conveyed.

CO Dimerization on Cu Nanoparticles under High CO Coverage

“…Moreover, most transition metals in heterogeneous catalysts are present in the form of highly dispersed nanoparticles, whose size may strongly affect the catalyst properties. 3,4 The high surface-tobulk ratio in nanostructured catalysts may further exacerbate the dependency of the catalyst properties on the coverage of surface species. 5 For example, CO is an abundant surface species in such societally important reactions as thermal or electrochemical CO and CO 2 reduction reactions as well as CO oxidation.…”

“…The concentration of surface species is known to remarkably affect the properties of the catalyst in certain reactions, , which implies possible differences between the properties exhibited by catalysts in laboratory and industrial settings. Moreover, most transition metals in heterogeneous catalysts are present in the form of highly dispersed nanoparticles, whose size may strongly affect the catalyst properties. , The high surface-to-bulk ratio in nanostructured catalysts may further exacerbate the dependency of the catalyst properties on the coverage of surface species …”

Synthesis of a bistriazolyl-phenanthroline–Cu(ii) complex immobilized on nanomagnetic iron oxide as a novel green catalyst for synthesis of imidazoles via annulation reactions

“…7,8 Magnetic catalysts enable straightforward recovery and reusability with minimal reduction in their magnetic properties, setting them apart from traditional homogeneous catalysts. [9][10][11][12] In this sense, the extraordinary signicance of Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles in catalysis science is unquestionable. 13,14 Their attributes, including high stability, low toxicity, and an impressive surface area, make them an excellent choice for reusable materials in organic compound synthesis.…”

Synthesis and potential applications of trimetallic nanostructures

“…13 The occurrence of such materials at the nano-level induces a precise size and morphology with a high surface area leading to them being more reactive than their conventional bulk counterparts. 2,14,15 The nanostructures are easily manipulated into the desired size, structures, and architectures depending on the need for a wide range of applications. TMNs, as compared to mono and bimetallic nanostructures (BMNs), have shown superior performance in sensors, imaging, catalysis, and environmental applications due to the synergistic effects of each metal.…”