Recent developments of green tribology

Abstract

Green tribology is a new field of greatinterest to a large number of tribologists. This article reviews the latest advances in this area including energy conservation, emission reduction, super-low friction and super-low wear, wind turbines,smart coatings, and fundamentals. Moreover, an overview ofthe future development of green tribology is also presented. Ecological lubricants/fluidsRecently, Holmberg and coworkers [8] demonstrated the global impact of friction on energy consumption, environment and economy through two case studies on passenger cars and paper machines [9, 10]. The authors showed the amount of energy lost to overcome friction and how to improve the energy efficiency of mechanical systems. They concluded that the global fleet of passenger cars used 33% of their total fuel energy annually to overcome friction, and the paper machines on aglobal level used 9.2% of the total energy annually and 32% of the electrical energy of the paper machines to overcome friction. In total, 100 million TJ/a is annually consumed to overcome friction worldwide, which is contributing to the global emission with 7000 million tones of CO 2 annually.Low-dimensional nano-materials with self-lubricating capability (such as MoS 2 , WS 2 , graphite, carbon nanotubes and so on) might be considered as potential anti-friction and wear additives for future engine oil application, owing to their unique size, shape, chemistry and structure morphology. In 2013, Erdemir [11] reviewed the latest research trends in 0 to 3D selflubricating nano-materials as potential oil additives and their prospects for commercial applications. He concluded that self-lubricating nano-materials with 0 to 3D structural architectures may hold great promise for further enhancing the anti-friction, -wear, and -scuffing performance of future lubricating oils.Considering that the rare-earth fluoride in base oil has good extreme pressure, anti-wear and friction performance,the lanthanum fluoride (LaF 3 ), in particular, displayspromising applications as a lubrication additive. Zhang and coworkers [12] evaluated the RECEIVED

The Tribological Properties of Multi-Layered Graphene as Additives of PAO2 Oil in Steel–Steel Contacts

“…Thus, the major demand for low-friction and long-life of mechanical assemblies is satisfied for purposes of energy saving, emission reduction, and environmental protection. Green tribology is emphasized in environmentally friendly energy and materials, as well as the enhancement of the environment and the quality of life [3][4][5].…”

Advances in the application of biomimetic surface engineering in the oil and gas industry

“…We strongly believe that the application of biomimetic surface engineering in the oil and gas field has broad research prospects and values, which can greatly reduce the energy loss and protect the ecological environment [123,124]. Practice has already proved that bionics can provide a more reliable, flexible, efficient, and economical technological system for the development and innovation of oil and gas fields [125]. To summarize, biomimetic surface engineering can cover most of the production needs of the oil and gas fields and provide innovative solutions and technical means for breakthroughs in key technical issues, thereby further promoting the technological progress of the petroleum industry and green development.…”

Practice of Simulation and Life Cycle Assessment in Tribology—A Review

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