Recent developments in understanding protein needs – How much and what kind should we eat?

Pencharz, Paul B.; Elango, Rajavel; Wolfe, Robert R.

doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0549

Cited by 41 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The findings in the present study, however, should be interpreted with caution and in the confines of the participant characteristics and study protocol used. However, data exist to support increased daily protein intake for overall health [52] and previous studies demonstrate muscular and overall health benefits to pre-sleep protein ingestion [8,9,10,11,12,13]. Consuming CAS before sleep may be a useful strategy to optimize protein consumption and alter the macronutrient profile in obese, insulin resistant men with no negative acute ramifications on fat metabolism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Casein Protein Prior to Sleep on Fat Metabolism in Obese Men

et al. 2016

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We have previously shown that ingesting protein at night before sleep is either beneficial or non-detrimental to metabolism, health, and body composition in obese women. However, the overnight protein-induced lipolytic actions and mechanism for improved metabolism and body composition have not been fully established. Therefore, in a crossover design, twelve obese men (age, 27.0 ± 2.2 years) were randomly assigned to ingest (within 30 min of sleep) casein protein (CAS, 120 kcal) or a non-nutritive placebo (PLA) before going to sleep. Markers of fat metabolism (lipolysis, substrate utilization, growth hormone), insulin, glucose, resting energy expenditure (REE), and appetite (questionnaire and ghrelin) were measured. During sleep and the next morning, interstitial glycerol from the subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT) was measured using microdialysis. There were no differences in SCAAT glycerol (overnight: CAS, 177.4 ± 26.7; PLA, 183.8 ± 20.2 μmol/L; morning: CAS, 171.6 ± 19.1; PLA, 161.5 ± 18.6 μmol/L), substrate utilization, REE, or any blood markers between CAS and PLA. Desire to eat was greater for CAS compared to baseline (p = 0.03), but not different from PLA (baseline: 39 ± 6, CAS: 62 ± 8, PLA: 55 ± 5 mm). CAS consumption before sleep did not affect fat or glucose metabolism, REE, or suppress appetite in hyperinsulemic obese men. CAS may be consumed before sleep without impeding overnight or morning fat metabolism in young, obese men.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Casein Protein Prior to Sleep on Fat Metabolism in Obese Men

et al. 2016

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“…The discrepancies in quality between animal and plant protein sources go beyond the amino acid profiles. When the energy content of the protein source is accounted for, the caloric intake needed to meet the EAA requirements from plant sources of protein is considerably higher than the caloric intake from animal sources of protein [ 36 ]. This is important to consider since obesity, especially with aging, is a major public health concern.…”

Section: Optimal Protein Intake For Elderly Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Consumption and the Elderly: What Is the Optimal Level of Intake?

2016

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Maintaining independence, quality of life, and health is crucial for elderly adults. One of the major threats to living independently is the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that progressively occurs with aging, known as sarcopenia. Several studies have identified protein (especially the essential amino acids) as a key nutrient for muscle health in elderly adults. Elderly adults are less responsive to the anabolic stimulus of low doses of amino acid intake compared to younger individuals. However, this lack of responsiveness in elderly adults can be overcome with higher levels of protein (or essential amino acid) consumption. The requirement for a larger dose of protein to generate responses in elderly adults similar to the responses in younger adults provides the support for a beneficial effect of increased protein in older populations. The purpose of this review is to present the current evidence related to dietary protein intake and muscle health in elderly adults.

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“…These studies have offered a better understanding of total‐body protein balance, but they have a number of drawbacks and give us essentially no clear information about mechanisms of variations in synthesis and degradation (ie, protein turnover). Without understanding mechanisms, the nitrogen balance studies limit any detailed understanding of protein kinetics 30 . A relatively recent addition to the study of protein kinetics in the ICU has been the use of indicator AA oxidation methods, using the stable isotopes of carbon‐13 ( 13 C) 15 …”

Section: Protein Kinetics In the Icu—a Confusing Picturementioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Kinetics and Metabolic Effects Related to Disease States in the Intensive Care Unit

et al. 2017

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Evaluating protein kinetics in the critically ill population remains a very difficult task. Heterogeneity in the intensive care unit (ICU) population and wide spectrum of disease processes creates complexity in assessing protein kinetics. Traditionally, protein has been delivered in the context of total energy. Focus on energy delivery has recently come into question, as the importance of supplemental protein in patient outcomes has been shown in several recent trials. The ICU patient is prone to catabolism, immobilization, and impaired immunity, which is a perfect storm for massive loss of lean body tissue with a unidirectional flow of amino acids from muscle to immune tissue for immunoglobulin production, as well as liver for gluconeogenesis and acute phase protein synthesis. The understanding of protein metabolism in the ICU has been recently expanded with the discovery of how the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 is regulated. The concept of "anabolic resistance" and identifying the quantity of protein required to overcome this resistance is gaining support among critical care nutrition circles. It appears that a minimum of at least 1.2 g/kg/d with levels up to 2.0 g/kg/d of protein or amino acids appears safe for delivery in the ICU setting and may yield a better clinical outcome.

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Recent developments in understanding protein needs – How much and what kind should we eat?

Cited by 41 publications

References 22 publications

The Effect of Casein Protein Prior to Sleep on Fat Metabolism in Obese Men

The Effect of Casein Protein Prior to Sleep on Fat Metabolism in Obese Men

Protein Consumption and the Elderly: What Is the Optimal Level of Intake?

Protein Kinetics and Metabolic Effects Related to Disease States in the Intensive Care Unit

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