Recent developments in the field of monolithic stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography

Švec, František

doi:10.1002/jssc.200400086

Cited by 219 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…It can be extremely useful in applications where high column efficiency can make a big difference. One example is the proteomic separation of complex peptide and/or glycan mixtures, followed by MS detection (20,21). CEC separations of proteins and peptides are difficult to perform because of the ionizable nature of these compounds.…”

Section: Capillary Electrochromatographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, this distinction was recently challenged by highly efficient separations of midsized peptides in silica-based monoliths (60). Similarly, CEC with polymeric monoliths was used to achieve excellent separation of small molecules (21). In the near future, we expect more studies of the optimization and application of silica-and polymer-based monolithic columns for separating small and large molecules.…”

Section: Misconceptions and Real Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monolithic Materials: Promises, Challenges, Achievements

Švec

Huber²

2006

Anal. Chem.

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359

206

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A single-piece permeable mass can separate better than a cluster of packed particles.A P R I L 1 , 2 0 0 6 / A N A LY T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y 2 1 0 1there is a lot of buzz in separations science about the porous materials known as monoliths. Monoliths are used mostly as separation media and supports, and each one can be roughly compared to a single porous "particle". Monoliths are an alternative to columns packed with particulate stationary phases, which chromatographers have used for >100 years. Although that technology is well developed, it is not flawless. Packed columns have rather large void volumes; this is an inevitable result of the particulate character of the packing. Even in a perfectly organized array of monodisperse spheres, ~30% of the volume is interstitial voids. In reality, the percentage is even larger. As a consequence, a significant part of the column volume is not used for separation.However, this is not the only problem. Consider what happens when a mobile phase is pumped through a column packed with a standard porous packing. The liquid flows readily through the interstitial voids between the particles, where resistance to its flow is the smallest (Figure 1a). In contrast, the liquid in the pores remains stagnant. If a sample is injected into the stream of the mobile phase, the compounds in the sample will also be carried through the voids. However, diffusion occurs because of the concentration gradient between the compounds in solution flowing through the interstices and the stagnant liquid within the pores of the packing, and transport of these compounds into the pores results. Once the concentration "pulse" has passed by the bead, the compounds diffuse back from the pores into the surrounding liquid; eventually, only the original stagnant phase remains within the pores.

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Section: Capillary Electrochromatographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Misconceptions and Real Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monolithic Materials: Promises, Challenges, Achievements

Švec

Huber²

2006

Anal. Chem.

Self Cite

359

206

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…They therefore exhibit different advantages and disadvantages. A number of review articles have been published in the last decade describing progresses on their preparations, properties, and applications [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. It can be easily found that the problems of both the swelling or shrinkage of organic monoliths in some solvents and the tedious fabrication procedures of the silica-based monoliths always encumber the researchers and limit the applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in preparation and application of hybrid organic‐silica monolithic capillary columns

Lin

Zhang

et al. 2012

Electrophoresis

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Hybrid organic-silica monolithic columns, regarded as a second generation of silica-based monoliths, have received much interest due to their unique properties over the pure silicabased monoliths. This review mainly focuses on development in the fields of preparation of hybrid monolithic columns in a capillary and their application for CEC and capillary liquid chromatography separation, as well as for sample pretreatment of solid-phase microextraction and immobilized enzyme reactor since July 2010. The preparation approaches are comprehensively summarized with three routes: (i) general sol-gel process using trialkoxysilanes and tetraalkoxysilanes as coprecursors; (ii) "one-pot" process of alkoxysilanes and organic monomers concomitantly proceeding sol-gel chemistry and free radical polymerization; and (iii) other polymerization approaches of organic monomers containing silanes. The modification of hybrid monoliths containing reactive groups to acquire the desired surface functionality is also described.

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“…Recently, monolithic capillary columns have gained increasing attention in CEC because of their advantages over other kinds of columns, such as no need to prepare frits, fast mass transfer and high phase ratio, etc. [4,5]. Depending on the nature of materials, monolithic columns can be classified into two major categories: the silica-based monolithic column [6] and the organic polymer-based monolithic column [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamically coated silica monolith with ionic liquids for capillary electrochromatography

et al. 2008

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An ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM] [BF 4 ]) was introduced as dynamic coating of a silica monolithic column for capillary electrochromatography of phenols and nucleoside monophosphates. The run-to-run and column-to-column repeatability of migration time for six phenols were satisfactory on this column with relative standard deviation values less than 0.90 and 4.31%, respectively. Anodic electroosmotic flow (EOF) was observed, which increased with the increase of [BMIM] [BF 4 ] on the monolith. Efficient separation of phenols and nucleoside monophosphates on this dynamically coated monolithic column was obtained, compared with a dynamically coated fused-silica column and unmodified silica monolithic column. The retention behavior of uncharged phenols is mainly manipulated by hydrophobic interactions due to the presence of butyl groups, and that of nucleoside monophosphates is governed by the electrostatic attraction mechanism based on the interaction between positively charged [BMIM] [BF 4 ] moieties and negatively charged phosphate groups. In addition, silica matrix also contributes to the separation resolution.

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Recent developments in the field of monolithic stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography

Cited by 219 publications

References 113 publications

Monolithic Materials: Promises, Challenges, Achievements

Monolithic Materials: Promises, Challenges, Achievements

Recent advances in preparation and application of hybrid organic‐silica monolithic capillary columns

Dynamically coated silica monolith with ionic liquids for capillary electrochromatography

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