Recent developments in the chemistry of halogen-free flame retardant polymers

Lu, Shuiyu; Hamerton, Ian

doi:10.1016/s0079-6700(02)00018-7

Cited by 1,437 publications

(891 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…(1) The presence of two kinds of branching units (boron atoms and methylsiloxane units CH 3 SiO 1.5 ), (2) The different degrees of branching (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15), (3) The different contents of boron, (4) The different values of MWs, (5) The lengths of the siloxane chains between branching points (boron atoms and MeSiO 1.5 units), and (6) The different functionalities (the contents of vinylsiloxane groups).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PBS cumulated on a PP surface during combustion process and prevented the spreading of a flame, forming a protective coating, and thus deterring any contact with the flame [5]. Other boron compounds (e.g., boric acid and borax) [6,7]; silanes; silicon-containing polymers: siloxanes, silsesquioxanes [6], and inorganic silicates, e.g., modified montmorillonites [8][9][10]; and halloysite nanotubes [11,12] were successfully used as halogen-free fire retardants. Ammonium polyphosphate, microencapsulated with a low molecular weight polydimethylsiloxane-a,xdiol, showed enhanced water resistance and significantly improved flame resistance properties as compared with an unmodified ammonium polyphosphate in a thermoplastic polyurethane composites [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal properties of polymethylvinylborosiloxanes

Chruściel

Janowska

Fejdyś

2012

J Therm Anal Calorim

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New branched polymethylvinylborosiloxanes (PMVBSs) with random structures were prepared, and their chemical structures were studied by spectroscopic methods (FTIR, 1 H-, 29 Si-, and 11 B-NMR) and elemental analysis (% C, % H, % Si, and % B). Average molecular weights M w and M n were determined by a size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and dynamic viscosities were measured in Brookfield cone-plate reoviscometer HBDV-II?cP. Thermal properties of PMVBSs were studied under air and under nitrogen atmosphere. Thermal curves were interpreted from the point of view of physical and chemical transitions, taking place during the heating process of PMVBSs. Parameters of their thermal stabilities and glass transition temperatures (T g ) were determined. The synthesized PMVBSs are characterized by low glass transition temperatures (T g : from -122 to -137°C) which depend on their chemical structures. It was concluded that gaseous products (such as volatile siloxanes, silanes, CO 2 , H 2 O, CH 2 O, methanol, and formic acid), which could be liberated during the heating process of PMVBSs, promote ceramization processes, leading to the formation of the ceramics of a type SiBCO-a borosilicate glass and silica.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal properties of polymethylvinylborosiloxanes

Chruściel

Janowska

Fejdyś

2012

J Therm Anal Calorim

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“…[44][45][46][47] Information on the thermal properties of the obtained polymers was obtained by thermogravimetric analysis, as shown in Figure 5. The introduction of o-carborane moieties into the polymer main chain led to an extreme resistance to heat and an improvement in ceramic yields on thermolysis to 1050 1C (Table 3) because of the excellent char-forming property of compounds containing carborane.…”

Section: Thermal Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer reaction of poly(p-phenylene–ethynylene) by addition of decaborane: modulation of luminescence and heat resistance

Kokado

Chujo

2010

Polym J

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“…9,10 As a kind of flame retardant additive for PC, sulphonate flame retardant have significant ability to reduce the generation of smoke, heat and toxic carbon monoxide gas during PC combustion. 11,12 This has stimulated the interest in synthesis of new sulphonate flame retardants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of a Novel Sulfonate Flame Retardant Based on Adamantane for Polycarbonate

Guo¹,

Wang²,

Feng³

et al. 2013

Polymer Korea

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A novel sulfonate flame retardant, 1,3,5,7-tetrakis(phenyl-4-sodium sulfonate)adamantane (FR-A), was successfully synthesized from 1-bromoadamantane in sequential four-step reactions involving Fiedel-Crafts phenylation, sulphonation, hydrolysis, and neutralization. The success of synthesis was confirmed by FTIR spectra, 1 H NMR spectra, elemental analyses and mass spectra. The effect of FR-A on the flame retardacy of polycarbonate (PC) has been studied. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that this novel sulfonate flame retardant had effective flame retardancy on polycarbonate (PC). With a small amount (0.08 wt%) of FR-A, the flame retardancy of PC was improved obviously, which got to UL 94 V-0 rating. TGA and DTA curves demonstrated that the additive raised the degradation rate of PC by promoting the quick formation of an insulating carbon layer on the surface, and confirmed that the flame retardant mechanism of PC/FR-A system was similar to potassium diphenylsulfone sulfonate (KSS).

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Recent developments in the chemistry of halogen-free flame retardant polymers

Cited by 1,437 publications

References 176 publications

Thermal properties of polymethylvinylborosiloxanes

Thermal properties of polymethylvinylborosiloxanes

Polymer reaction of poly(p-phenylene–ethynylene) by addition of decaborane: modulation of luminescence and heat resistance

Performance of a Novel Sulfonate Flame Retardant Based on Adamantane for Polycarbonate

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