Recent developments in our understanding of the physiology and nitric oxide-resistance of Staphylococcus aureus

Stephens, Amelia C.; Richardson, Anthony R.

doi:10.1016/bs.ampbs.2022.06.003

Cited by 1 publication

(4 citation statements)

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“…These antioxidants often neutralize most ROS; however, prolonged exposure can weaken these defenses, requiring alternative strategies to combat oxidative stress [63]. Recent research has shown that several bacterial pathogens can adapt to the infectious environment by tightly regulating their metabolism to minimize the impact of free radicals [15, 63, 65, 66]. This metabolic adaptation often involves switching from respiration to fermentation and coincides with the upregulation of the NAD kinases, the reduction of NADH synthesis, and the generation of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation (Fig.…”

Section: Bacterial Metabolism and Phagocytic Leukocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This metabolic adaptation often involves switching from respiration to fermentation and coincides with the upregulation of the NAD kinases, the reduction of NADH synthesis, and the generation of ATP through substratelevel phosphorylation (Fig. 2) [15,[65][66][67][68][69][70].…”

Section: Bacterial Metabolism Promotes Resistance To Free Radicals Pr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study provided evidence to support the idea that the production of RNS is essential for persister formation, as knockout macrophages in the NO synthase, Nos2, that were infected with S. Typhimurium generated fewer persister cells. RNS has bacteriostatic activity, affecting lipids, nucleic acids, and Metabolism and Innate Immunity proteins, particularly metabolic enzymes containing thiols, iron-sulfur clusters, or heme [15,147]. Thus, RNS has the potential to target several metabolic complexes of the TCA cycle and OXPHOS in S. Typhimurium, thereby reducing respiration and ATP levels.…”

Section: Metabolism and Innate Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This evolutionary process has allowed several bacterial pathogens to develop a broader repertoire of mechanisms to obtain vital nutrients like transition metals, glucose, free peptides, and lipoic acid compared to nonpathogenic bacteria [10, 12, 13]. Furthermore, some bacterial pathogens possess remarkable mechanisms to detect and respond to oxygen levels within the host, switching between respiration and fermentation as needed [10, 14, 15]. Thus, many bacterial pathogens have a flexible metabolism, which helps overcome nutrient limitations within the human body and evade immune defenses [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Intersection between Bacterial Metabolism and Innate Immunity

Acosta,

Alonzo III

2023

J Innate Immun

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Background: The innate immune system is the first line of defense against microbial pathogens and is essential for maintaining good health. If pathogens breach innate barriers, the likelihood of infection is significantly increased. Many bacterial pathogens pose a threat to human health on account of their ability to evade innate immunity and survive in growth-restricted environments. These pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to obtain nutrients as well as manipulate innate immune responses, resulting in disease or chronic infection. Summary: The relationship between bacterial metabolism and innate immunity is complex. Although aspects of bacterial metabolism can be beneficial to the host, particularly those related to the microbiota and barrier integrity, others can be harmful. Several bacterial pathogens harness metabolism to evade immune responses and persist during infection. The study of these adaptive traits provides insight into the roles of microbial metabolism in pathogenesis that extend beyond energy balance. This review considers recent studies on bacterial metabolic pathways that promote infection by circumventing several facets of the innate immune system. We also discuss relationships between innate immunity and antibiotics and highlight future directions for research in this field. Key Messages: Pathogenic bacteria have a remarkable capacity to harness metabolism to manipulate immune responses and promote pathogenesis. While we are beginning to understand the multifaceted and complex metabolic adaptations that occur during infection, there is still much to uncover with future research.

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