Recent Developments in Oral Delivery of Vaccines Using Nanocarriers

Zafar, Amna; Arshad, Raffia; Rehman, Asim Ur; Ahmed, Naveed; Akhtar, Hashaam

doi:10.3390/vaccines11020490

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…The development of oral vaccines is also impaired by inefficient absorption and scarceness of mucosal adjuvants. Therefore, research is focusing on carriers that may implement mucosal absorption such as nanoparticles that encapsulating the vaccine may protect and stabilize it (reviewed in [ 122 ]).…”

Section: Edible Plant-derived Evs As a Platform For Mucosal Vaccine D...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Edible Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Oral mRNA Vaccine Delivery

Gai,

Pomatto,

Deregibus

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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Nucleic acid delivery through extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a well-preserved evolutionary mechanism in all life kingdoms including eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and plants. EVs naturally allow horizontal transfer of native as well as exogenous functional mRNAs, which once incorporated in EVs are protected from enzymatic degradation. This observation has prompted researchers to investigate whether EVs from different sources, including plants, could be used for vaccine delivery. Several studies using human or bacterial EVs expressing mRNA or recombinant SARS-CoV-2 proteins showed induction of a humoral and cell mediated immune response. Moreover, EV-based vaccines presenting the natural configuration of viral antigens have demonstrated advantages in conferring long-lasting immunization and lower toxicity than synthetic nanoparticles. Edible plant-derived EVs were shown to be an alternative to human EVs for vaccine delivery, especially via oral administration. EVs obtained from orange juice (oEVs) loaded with SARS-CoV-2 mRNAs protected their cargo from enzymatic degradation, were stable at room temperature for one year, and were able to trigger a SARS-CoV-2 immune response in mice. Lyophilized oEVs containing the S1 mRNA administered to rats via gavage induced a specific humoral immune response with generation of blocking antibodies, including IgA and Th1 lymphocyte activation. In conclusion, mRNA-containing oEVs could be used for developing new oral vaccines due to optimal mucosal absorption, resistance to stress conditions, and ability to stimulate a humoral and cellular immune response.

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Section: Edible Plant-derived Evs As a Platform For Mucosal Vaccine D...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Edible Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Oral mRNA Vaccine Delivery

Gai,

Pomatto,

Deregibus

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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show abstract

“…Oral vaccines, on the other hand, have lower bioavailability because they must pass through the digestive system before being absorbed. Nanovesicles can be adopted to enhance the bioavailability of oral vaccines [ 90 , 91 ].…”

Section: Regulatory Procedures and Clinical Trials For Injectable Vac...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Vaccines: A Better Future of Immunization

Kwong¹,

Xin²,

Lai³

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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Oral vaccines are gaining more attention due to their ease of administration, lower invasiveness, generally greater safety, and lower cost than injectable vaccines. This review introduces certified oral vaccines for adenovirus, recombinant protein-based, and transgenic plant-based oral vaccines, and their mechanisms for inducing an immune response. Procedures for regulatory approval and clinical trials of injectable and oral vaccines are also covered. Challenges such as instability and reduced efficacy in low-income countries associated with oral vaccines are discussed, as well as recent developments, such as Bacillus-subtilis-based and nanoparticle-based delivery systems that have the potential to improve the effectiveness of oral vaccines.

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“…However, most vaccinations are administered intravenously, via subcutaneous or intramuscular injections, in which these injections for vaccination cause a lower rate of vaccinations over time [ 26 ]. Other routes for administering vaccines are needed for further examination to maximize the compliance from patients to receive immunizations and booster shot injections [ 27 , 28 ]. An oral route of administration is a favorable route for vaccinations, but because of the degrading environment of the gut, an oral route is challenging for delivering therapeutics, such as insulin, chemokines, and vaccines [ 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An oral route of administration is a favorable route for vaccinations, but because of the degrading environment of the gut, an oral route is challenging for delivering therapeutics, such as insulin, chemokines, and vaccines [ 29 ]. The oral route of administration is still the most auspicious because of its potential for self-administration; it is safer, increases compliance from patients, and has a facile distribution when compared to intravenous injection therapies [ 28 , 30 ]. Consequently, different strategies for the oral delivery of therapeutics have been investigated and examined, but the oral route is unsuitable for the direct delivery of proteins and peptides, in which new developments in drug delivery systems are altering the approaches to vaccine delivery, including the oral delivery of mRNA vaccines [ 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The application of plant-exosome-like nanovesicles as improved drug delivery systems for cancer vaccines

Hillman

2024

Discov Onc

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The use of cancer immunotherapeutics is currently increasing. Cancer vaccines, as a form of immunotherapy, are gaining much attention in the medical community since specific tumor-antigens can activate immune cells to induce an anti-tumor immune response. However, the delivery of cancer vaccines presents many issues for research scientists when designing cancer treatments and requires further investigation. Nanoparticles, synthetic liposomes, bacterial vectors, viral particles, and mammalian exosomes have delivered cancer vaccines. In contrast, the use of many of these nanotechnologies produces many issues of cytotoxicity, immunogenicity, and rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Plant-exosome-like nanovesicles (PELNVs) can provide solutions for many of these challenges because they are innocuous and nonimmunogenic when delivering nanomedicines. Hence, this review will describe the potential use of PELNVs to deliver cancer vaccines. In this review, different approaches of cancer vaccine delivery will be detailed, the mechanism of oral vaccination for delivering cancer vaccines will be described, and the review will discuss the use of PELNVs as improved drug delivery systems for cancer vaccines via oral administration while also addressing the subsequent challenges for advancing their usage into the clinical setting.

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Recent Developments in Oral Delivery of Vaccines Using Nanocarriers

Cited by 6 publications

References 119 publications

Edible Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Oral mRNA Vaccine Delivery

Edible Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Oral mRNA Vaccine Delivery

Oral Vaccines: A Better Future of Immunization

The application of plant-exosome-like nanovesicles as improved drug delivery systems for cancer vaccines

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