Recent developments in high-speed optical modulators

Thylén, Lars; Westergren, Urban; Holmström, Petter; Schatz, Richard; Jänes, Peter

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374171-4.00007-1

Cited by 9 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The first contribution S (1) k;q provides the leading amplitudes in the optical limit, i.e, when input modes belong to optical bands (q ) 1), and coincide with the transition amplitudes to sideband in the classical formalism, as given by Eq. (22):…”

Section: Single-tone-driven Phase Modulation In Discrete-mode Formalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the system's point of view, electro-optic modulators implement at classical level a linear multiplicative transformation of the complex envelope E t describing the temporal profile of radiation, E t m t E t (1) where m t is the phase-or amplitude-modulating function. This functions depends on an external, user-defined voltage driving signal V t whose bandwidth may reach the microwave range, as mentioned above.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electro-optic amplitude modulator (EOM) is the most popular modulating device employed in high speed optical communications systems featuring line rates in excess of 2.5 Gb/s [1,76]. It is also widely employed in analog photonic applications [2] and radio over fiber systems [10,12] where the modulating subcarriers are located in the RF, microwave and millimeter-wave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.…”

Section: Introductory Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantum modelling of electro‐optic modulators

Capmany

Fernández-Pousa

2011

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Many components that are employed in quantum information and communication systems are well known photonic devices encountered in standard optical fiber communication systems, such as optical beamsplitters, waveguide couplers and junctions, electro-optic modulators and optical fiber links. The use of these photonic devices is becoming increasingly important especially in the context of their possible integration either in a specifically designed system or in an already deployed end-to-end fiber link. Whereas the behavior of these devices is well known under the classical regime, in some cases their operation under quantum conditions is less well understood. This paper reviews the salient features of the quantum scattering theory describing both the operation of the electro-optic phase and amplitude modulators in discrete and continuousmode formalisms. This subject is timely and of importance in light of the increasing utilization of these devices in a variety of systems, including quantum key distribution and single-photon wavepacket measurement and conformation. In addition, the paper includes a tutorial development of the use of these models in selected but yet important applications, such as single and multitone modulation of photons, two-photon interference with phase-modulated light or the description of amplitude modulation as a quantum operation.

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Section: Single-tone-driven Phase Modulation In Discrete-mode Formalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductory Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantum modelling of electro‐optic modulators

Capmany

Fernández-Pousa

2011

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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“…Compared to the limitations of traditional inorganic crystal modulators in terms of the EO coefficient (r 33 ∼ 30 pm∕V), the use of a synthesized EO polymer allows a higher EO coefficient (r 33 ¼ 138 pm∕V at 1550 nm) due to the progress of chromophore synthesis and the high efficiency of poling; this improvement allows for a better modulation efficiency [5] and extremely high modulation speeds of over 150 GHz [6,7] . These benefits are crucial in creating an efficient optical modulator design, either in terms of a realized phase or intensity [8][9][10] modulations. The high sensitivity of phase and intensity modulators has been crucial in various applications, such as opto-electronic oscillators [11] and optical deflectors in an all-optical analog to digital converter [12] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The modulator figure of merit, V π × L, was determined to be 6.5 V·cm with an optical loss of 1.8 dB/cm. The effective r 33 of the modulator was then determined to be 68.7 pm/V from [8] …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity improvement of broadband electro-optic polymer-based optical phase modulator using 1D and 2D photonic crystal structures

Receveur¹,

Wei²,

Hadjloum³

et al. 2017

Chin. Opt. Lett.

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This Letter introduces the design and simulation of a microstrip-line-based electro-optic (EO) polymer optical phase modulator (PM) that is further enhanced by the addition of photonic crystal (PhC) structures that are in close proximity to the optical core. The slow-wave PhC structure is designed for two different material configurations and placed in the modulator as a superstrate to the optical core; simulation results are depicted for both 1D and 2D PhC structures. The PM characteristics are modeled using a combination of the finite element method and the optical beam propagation method in both the RF and optical domains, respectively. The phase-shift simulation results show a factor of 1.7 increase in an effective EO coefficient (120 pm/V) while maintaining a broadband bandwidth of 40 GHz.OCIS The combination of silicon photonics and electro-optic (EO) polymers in optical devices enables the fabrication of high-level photonic device integration [1] using CMOS compatible nanofabrication technology [2] . The use of EO polymers allows for a large EO coefficient (r 33 ), very low dispersion, a fast response time (<1 ps), and simple fabrication [3,4] . Compared to the limitations of traditional inorganic crystal modulators in terms of the EO coefficient (r 33 ∼ 30 pm∕V), the use of a synthesized EO polymer allows a higher EO coefficient (r 33 ¼ 138 pm∕V at 1550 nm) due to the progress of chromophore synthesis and the high efficiency of poling; this improvement allows for a better modulation efficiency [5] and extremely high modulation speeds of over 150 GHz [6,7]

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Advancements in Piezoelectric‐Enabled Devices for Optical Communication

Roszkiewicz,

Garlińska,

Pregowska

2024

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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The ability of piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical energy into electric energy and vice versa has made them desirable in the wide range of applications that oscillate from medicine to the energetics industry. Their implementation in optical communication is often connected with the modulation or other manipulations of the light signals. In this article, the recent advancements in the field of piezoelectrics‐based devices and their promising benefits in optical communication are explored. The application of piezoelectrics‐based devices in optical communication allows dynamic control, modulation, and manipulation of optical signals that lead to a more reliable transmission. It turns out that a combination of artificial‐intelligence‐based algorithms with piezoelectrics can enhance the performance of these devices, including optimization of piezoelectric modulation, adaptive signal processing, control of optical components, and increase the level of energy efficiency. It can enhance signal quality, mitigate interference, and reduce noise‐connected issues. Moreover, this technological fusion can increase the security of optical communication systems. Finally, the potential future research lines are determined.

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Recent developments in high-speed optical modulators

Cited by 9 publications

References 49 publications

Quantum modelling of electro‐optic modulators

Quantum modelling of electro‐optic modulators

Sensitivity improvement of broadband electro-optic polymer-based optical phase modulator using 1D and 2D photonic crystal structures

Advancements in Piezoelectric‐Enabled Devices for Optical Communication

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